<p>The Mill Street–North Clover Street Historic District is located along those streets and Main Street in western Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is an irregularly-shaped area of 27 acre between US 9 and downtown Poughkeepsie, located on the slope up from the Hudson River. There are roughly 139 historic buildings, and very few new ones.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Like the Union Street Historic District to its south, the neighborhood remained virtually unchanged from the 19th century when it first began to grow and develop. It includes as contributing properties some listed on the Register in their own right, like the Vassar Institute, Vassar Home for Aged Men (both now home to a local arts center) and Church of the Holy Comforter, designed by Richard Upjohn.</p><br>
<p>At that time, Poughkeepsie was clearing and demolishing many old neighborhoods as part of its urban renewal programs. The historic districts were established to preserve what would not be demolished. Two areas of historic buildings adjacent to the district, on Main and North Bridge streets, were not included because they were meant to be razed as well. But those plans were canceled, and in 1987 the district&#39;s boundaries were increased by a few acres to include the still-extant blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In its current form the district is somewhat horseshoe-shaped, touching Main Street in two small areas on the south and connecting its two larger neighborhoods via Mill Street in the north. These boundaries were mostly established on the initial listing in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The underlying land slopes up gently from Route 9 to where the land levels off at the western edge of downtown Poughkeepsie. On the west, it takes in Church of the Holy Comforter and the houses on Davies Place just across from it and Wheaton Park to the north. All the property on North Clover, the next street to the west, is included except the west corner of the Main Street intersection on the south. The homes at 105-115 Main to the east were one of the 1987 additions.</p><br>
<p>In the north it narrows for a short distance to include just the property on the south side of Mill, then expands again to both sides of the street after the North Perry Street intersection, even including some of the Charles Street buildings to their north. Two blocks of North Bridge Street to the north are within the district, as well as some short adjacent sections of Charles and Mansion streets. South of the intersection is the other area added to the district later.</p><br>
<p>The eastern portion is bordered on the north by the south side of Mansion Street, turning south along the rear property lines of the west side of Washington Street to Mill Street again, then including that side of the street all the way to the rear lines of the north side of Main Street. The district boundary is at Main Street to include the Vassar Home for Aged Men building, where it crosses the street and follows the rear lines on the other side to the North Bridge Street properties. Almost all of Vassar Street, and all of Lafayette Street, are within the district.</p><br>
<p>Most of the district is residential, with a few churches and other institutional buildings. Many are of brick, often in the Second Empire style not commonly used with that material. There are some Federal and Greek Revival buildings, most notably the Second Baptist Church, Poughkeepsie&#39;s only remaining church in the latter style, scattered throughout.</p><br>
<p>The only commercial areas are along Main and the Mill–North Clover intersection. Wheaton Park is the district&#39;s major open space. Past demolitions have also left some lots vacant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1702, a Dutch settler, Baltus Van Kleeck, built the first house in what would later become Poughkeepsie. It was located on the path that would become Mill Street, near the intersection with the future Vassar Street. Mill Street was one of the first paths between the settlement of Poughkeepsie on the plateau and the river. As it developed into a more permanent street, the area grew. The coming of the Hudson River Railroad, which passed close to the neighborhood on the west, in the 1850s added to its prosperity. By mid-century it had become Poughkeepsie&#39;s downtown. All of its historic buildings were erected between 1840 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>One of its great benefactors was Matthew Vassar and his descendants. The familys property and residences gave their name to Vassar Street, where their main landholding was. In 1835 they tore down Van Kleecks original house.</p><br>
<p>Their ownership of the land on which the Second Baptist Church was located led to it being called the "Vassar Temple" due to its colonnaded facade and use as a synagogue after the Civil War. His nephews built the eclectic brick Vassar Institute and Vassar Home for Aged Men on family land, now at Vassar and Main, to carry on the family&#39;s educational and charitable traditions, in the early 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood remained mostly unchanged well into the 20th century, when it was spared from urban renewal by the work of local preservationists. The cancellation of many urban renewal plans led to the boundary increase in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Five buildings within the district were separately listed on the National Register just prior to the district itself. They include two churches, two institutional buildings and one house now used as an organization&#39;s headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Church of the Holy Comforter. 1860 Gothic Revival church on Davies Place, originally Episcopal but now Anglican Catholic, designed by Richard Upjohn. Steeple is a city landmark to drivers on neighboring Route 9.</p><br>
<p>Italian Center. Late Victorian brick townhouse now used as headquarters for local Italian American organization.</p><br>
<p>Second Baptist Church. Only Greek Revival church left in the city, at Vassar and Mill streets. Later known as "Vassar Temple" due to that family&#39;s ownership of the land, the colonnaded front facade and its later use as a synagogue.</p><br>
<p>Vassar Home for Aged Men. 1880 senior citizens&#39; home at Vassar and Main now serves as offices for Cunneen-Hackett Arts Center and some other local nonprofits.</p><br>
<p>Vassar Institute. Eclectic 1882 brick building just across from the Home for Aged Men. Now the main building for the arts center programs.</p><br>
<p>Langley Park, also known as McCormick-Goodhart Mansion, is a Georgian Revival style estate mansion in Langley Park, Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland. In 1924, the McCormick-Goodhart family erected an 18,000 ft&sup2, 28-room Georgian Revival mansion, designed by architect George Oakley Totten, Jr., at a cost of $100,000 that remains a community landmark on 15th Ave.</p><br>
<p>"Langley Park" references the 540 acre estate established in 1923, by the McCormick-Goodhart family in the Chillum District of Prince Georges County, Maryland. They named the estate Langley Park after the Goodharts ancestral home in England, Langley Fields. Frederick Goodheart&#39;s wife was Henrietta Laura McCormick, daughter of Leander J. McCormick (1819–1900) who was a founder of what became International Harvester. The estate also included the local historic landmark, the Adelphi Mill. During the late-1940s and early 1950s the estate was subdivided and developed as a planned community containing low-rise apartments, semi-detached and single family homes; and a major regional shopping area. It was acquired in 1947 from the McCormick-Goodhart family by the Eudist Order for use as a seminary. The seminary operated until 1963. The mansion then operated until the early 1990s as Willowbrook Montessori School. The mansion reopened in 2010 after a $13.8 million project as a multicultural service center operated by CASA of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>This property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Belvidere Café, Motel and Gas Station is a historic building in Litchfield, Illinois along Route 66. The site also has a residence and two motel units.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1929, Albina and Vincenzo Cerolla built a one-room, frame gas station with a single pump to serve motorists on Route 66. The station also sold motor oil and other automobile accessories and necessities. The station operated under a lease as part of the Johnson Oil Refining Company of Chicago. In 1936, they expanded with a new brick gas station, a café, four motel rooms with individual automobile garages, and a small house for the owners. The restaurant was known as Cerolla&#39;s Café.</p><br>
<p>Edith, the daughter of the Cerollas, and her husband Lester "Curly" Kranich continued the business after the death of Edith&#39;s parents. The Kraniches demolished the original house on the property in the 1950s and built a new one with a garage. They also expanded the motel at this time, adding two identical wings. The Kraniches also had to reorient the entrances when a new four-lane bypass opened on the other side of the property in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Interstate 55 in the 1970s would mark the end of the once-thriving family business by diverting highway traffic westward. The café closed in 1971. The Kraniches retired in 1975, closing the facility. The café, motel, and gas station buildings were kept in relatively good condition but were used primarily for storage. The property sits largely vacant; the buildings are for sale. The current owner occasionally rents a room in one of the wings.</p><br>
<p>MV Westward is an 86 ft motor yacht, "arguably Seattle’s most famous motor yacht," originally constructed in 1924 by Ted Geary for inventor Campbell Church, Sr., and currently owned by Bill and Shannon Bailey. Its home port is Friday Harbor, Washington and it is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Westward was modeled after a salmon cannery tender and constructed—around a 1923 Atlas-Imperial diesel engine—at the Martinolich Shipyard on Maury Island near Seattle. It was designed to travel the Inside Passage along the British Columbia coast to Alaska. Its construction marked a turning point in Geary&#39;s career: previously he had built workboats; from this time he built yachts.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, expeditions on the Westward were hunting expeditions, with "a Norwegian whale gun shooting harpoons fitted with time fuse bombs, a 10-horse gasoline winch with thirty-six hundred feet of quarter-inch plow steel cable as a fishing line, and all of the accessories for scrapping it out with fifty-ton whales". These expeditions were led by Church&#39;s son Campbell Church, Jr., who founded The Alaska Coast Hunting and Cruising Company. The Churches ended up owning numerous notable motor yachts. Besides the Westward were the Nooya, Deerleap, Caroline, Alarwee, Acania, Onawa, Malibu, Cadrew, Electra, Olympus, and Taconite. Campbell Jr. made extensive films of his journeys.</p><br>
<p>Among the many people who have traveled aboard the Westward are A. C. Gilbert, inventor of the Erector Set, George Eastman (of Eastman Kodak), banker Paul Mellon, George Pabst of Pabst Brewing Company, investor E.F. Hutton and his wife Marjorie Merriweather Post, Walt Disney, John Wayne, Phil Harris, Fibber McGee & Molly and Amos & Andy.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the Westward was pressed into military service. Don Gumpertz bought the Westward in 1967 and circumnavigated the globe in it in the 1970s. Current owner Hugh Reilly, once the owner of a fleet of fishing trawlers in the Alaska seafood industry (coincidentally named Westward Trawlers), bought the Westward in 1993. From 1997 to 2004 he returned it to its roots as a vessel for Alaska tourism (minus the blood sports). He then put the boat through a major refitting before taking it on a two-year tour of the Pacific, from which he returned in early September 2008. After a brief visit to Puget Sound, he took it down the West Coast to Mexico and then in May 2009 crossed for the South Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The Westwardis slated to make a trip along the Inside Passage in the spring of 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Westward is still powered by its original 1923 Atlas-Imperial diesel engine. which provides 110 horsepower and gives her a cruising speed of eight knots. http://classicyacht.org/westward/?page_id=26</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Fort Tompkins is a fort on Staten Island in New York City, within what is now Fort Wadsworth at the Narrows. Fort Tompkins  guarded the landward approaches to other forts in the area from 1808 through circa 1898. The current fort was built 1847-1861, and was operational as a fort until superseded by new defenses circa 1898. It is now part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. It is the last remaining of four forts in New York State named Fort Tompkins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial and Revolution</h3><br>
<p>The first use of the land for military purposes was as the site of a blockhouse built by Dutch settler David Pieterszen de Vries in 1636 on Signal Hill (now the site of Fort Tompkins), which was burned in an Indian raid of the Peach Tree War in 1655. The site is said to have been continuously garrisoned since another blockhouse was built in 1663, which survived at least through 1808. During the American Revolution the area became known as the Patriot redoubt Flagstaff Fort; captured by the British in 1776, it remained in British hands and was expanded until the war&#39;s end in 1783.</p><br>
<h3>Early 19th century</h3><br>
<p>The area became the responsibility of New York State in 1806, at which time four forts were built on the site with state resources, being ready for service in 1808 though incomplete. These included the red sandstone Forts Richmond (on the site now called Battery Weed) and Tompkins, on the sites of the current forts but of different design, along with Forts Morton and Hudson, with positions for a total of 164 guns in the four forts. Fort Tompkins at that time included a red sandstone enclosure containing the 1663 blockhouse. Although these forts were contemporary with the federal government&#39;s second system of seacoast fortifications, they were not part of the federal program. Federal rebuilding of Forts Richmond and Tompkins did not begin until 1847. Fort Richmond was named for Richmond County, in which Staten Island is located, while Fort Tompkins was named for Daniel D. Tompkins, governor of New York State in the War of 1812. New York City was not attacked in that war, so the first Fort Tompkins did not see action, although it was improved and the area fortified with up to 900 cannon during that war.</p><br>
<h3>Third system</h3><br>
<p>By 1835 Forts Richmond and Tompkins had deteriorated to the point that they were declared unfit for use, and the next year the federal government began a decade-long process of purchasing them. Both forts were ready for service, though still incomplete, when the Civil War broke out in April, 1861.</p><br>
<h3>1861-1905</h3><br>
<p>The Fort Tompkins area was important as a mobilization center in the Civil War, and it was further fortified. New York City was not attacked in that war, so the fort did not see action. In the 1890s new gun batteries were built under the Endicott Program, and Fort Tompkins role in the areas defense ceased. In 1902 the area was designated as Fort Wadsworth, with Fort Richmond (renamed Fort Wadsworth in 1865) becoming Battery Weed.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Fort Tompkins was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1979 the Navy acquired the site as part of Naval Station New York, but in 1995 the Navy base was disestablished and the Fort Wadsworth property became part of the Gateway National Recreation Area under the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>Seeburger See is a lake in the karst region of the Lower Eichsfeld, Landkreis Göttingen, in southeastern Lower Saxony, Germany.</p><br>
<p>Also known as Auge des Eichsfelds (Eye of the Eichsfeld), the shallow 86.5-hectare (0.865 km) lake is fed in the west by the Aue creek at Seeburg and drained to the east in Bernshausen by the same creek and lies at an elevation of 157 m AMSL. The lake is postglacial, having formed about 500 B.C. when an underground cave collapsed. The lake is the largest natural body of water in Göttingen district. It is bordered in places by reedy growth and elsewhere by trees and grasslands. Other than the two villages, the surrounding land is mostly agricultural, though there is a recreational area with swimming facilities near Seeburg, and a large part of the lake&#39;s shoreline ("Naturschutzgebiet Seeburger See") and a small forested area to the north are protected nature zones. Controlled fishing is allowed in the lake, with eel being the most common (and providing a popular local specialty, smoked eel), along with small pike, zander, carp, tench, common rudd, trout, and a few others.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the area of interest for locals, people from nearby cities and the Netherlands, there being camp-grounds, recreational facilities, an archaeological site, and a nature-information center as well as a path along the lake shore. In the 1980s, the Seeburger See area was subject to both extensive and intensive archaeological research, which revealed a large amount of neolithic activity as well as lesser Bronze and Iron Age presences and the medieval predecessors of today&#39;s communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late Middle Ages, the lake came to its greatest size. Clear evidence for fishing in the lake is found in an archival record concerning the fishermens guild of Bernshausen and Seeburg in the sixteenth century. The lakes current most commonly used name (Seeburger See) has its earliest recorded use in 1807. Before that, it was simply referred to as der großer See bei Bernshausen.</p><br>
<p>On rare occasions, temporary islands have appeared in the lake. This has occurred early in the twentieth century. The lake and its shore were designated a protected natural area in 1952. In 1970, the Seeburger See sailing club was founded. In 1976, the protected area became an official Naturschutzgebiet.</p><br>
<h2>In literature and legend</h2><br>
<p>Seeburger See is the locale of the legend of the evil Graf Isang. It is locally claimed that at low-water, the tower of the count&#39;s castle can be seen. In fact, early in the twentieth century, for a very short time, an island did appear in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Belle Aire is a Greek Revival mansion listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in the Greater Deyerle neighborhood of the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia, USA Located just south of Brandon Avenue SW  at 3820 Belle Aire Circle SW, Belle Aire was completed in 1849 as the private residence of Madison and Margeret Pitzer on a knoll overlooking their 1,600 acre of land adjacent to the Roanoke River. It is located approximately one-half mile from his brother Jeramiah&#39;s house . Today the home still stands, with the surrounding area now developed as single family home typical of those built during the 1970s-80s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Belle Aire was constructed by Benjamin Deyerle and his carpenter Gustave A. Sedon (also knonw as Gustavus Sedon) for the Pitzer family in 1849. Its Greek Revival embellishments were influenced by the New England architect Asher Benjamin&#39;s publication The Practical House Carpenter of 1830. The L-shaped home is of brick construction with stuccoed Doric pilasters at the corners. Its most recoginizable feature is its 2-story pedimented portico four fluted Doric columns at each level. A kitchen addition replaced the original outbuilding and the side portico has been enclosed. Otherwise, Belle Aire remains much as it was in 1850. Today the home remains as a private residence. It became a Virginia Historic Landmark in 1966 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Altoona Works  is a large railroad industrial complex in Altoona, Pennsylvania. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad  to supply the railroad with locomotives, railroad cars and related equipment. For many years it was the largest railroad shop complex in the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1849, PRR officials developed plans to construct a repair facility at a town newly established for this purpose, Altoona. Construction was started in 1850, and soon a long building was completed in the 12th Street area that housed a machine shop, woodworking shop, blacksmith shop, locomotive repair shop and foundry. This facility was later torn down to make room for continuing expansion. Many additional buildings and facilities were added to the complex up until 1925. For many years it was the largest railroad shop complex in the world.</p><br>
<p>The 12th Street area facilities were replaced later by the Altoona Machine Shops. The first locomotive was built there in 1866. A total of 6,783 steam, diesel and electric locomotives were manufactured in Altoona between 1866 and 1946.</p><br>
<p>In time additional PRR repair facilities were located in Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, and Mifflin, and the Altoona Works expanded in adjacent Juniata. Inventor Alexander Graham Bell sent two assistants to the Altoona shops in 1875 to study the feasibility of installing telephone lines.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the Altoona Works started a testing department for PRR equipment. In following years, the Pennsylvania Railroad led the nation in the development of research and testing procedures of practical value for the railroad industry. Use of the testing facilities was discontinued in 1968 and many of the structures were demolished.</p><br>
<p>In May 1877, telephone lines were installed for various departments to communicate with one another.</p><br>
<p>Fort Wayne, Indiana, also held a key position for the railroad. By the turn of the 20th century, its repair shops and locomotive manufacturing facilities became known as the "Altoona of the West."</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the site consisted of 125 buildings on 218 acre, and the shops employed over 16,000 workers.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the complex are still in use by Norfolk Southern Railway (NS).</p><br>
<p>By 1945 the Altoona Works had grown to be one of the largest repair and construction facilities for locomotives and cars in the world. During World War II, PRR facilities (including the Altoona Shops) were on target lists of German saboteurs. They were caught before they could complete their missions.</p><br>
<h2>Current facilities</h2><br>
<p>Today, NS runs the locomotive shop at Juniata with about 1,100 employees. The Railroaders Memorial Museum is next to Altoona Works.</p><br>
<h2>Major facilities (1920s)</h2><br>
<p>Altoona Machine Shops (renamed 12th St Car Shop in 1928)</p><br>
<p>Built steam locomotives during 1866-1904</p><br>
<p>Later in the 20th century it handled locomotive repair and manufacture of engine parts</p><br>
<p>Altoona Car Shops</p><br>
<p>Built 1869</p><br>
<p>Manufactured freight cars and passenger cars</p><br>
<p>Juniata Shops</p><br>
<p>Built 1888-1890; expanded 1924-25</p><br>
<p>Built steam and electric locomotives during 1891-1946</p><br>
<p>Included a paint shop, boiler shop, blacksmith shop, boiler house, erecting shop, two-story machine shop, electric and hydraulic house, two-story office and storeroom, paint storehouse and gas house, and hydraulic transfer table and pit.</p><br>
<p>Repair work only in the mid-20th century</p><br>
<p>Builds and remanufactures locomotives today</p><br>
<p>South Altoona Foundries</p><br>
<p>Manufactured cast iron and brass castings</p><br>
<p>Lone Oaks, also known as the Benjamin Deyerle Place and Winsmere, is a Greek Revival mansion listed on both the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in the Greater Deyerle neighborhood of the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia, USA Located at 3402 Grandin Road Extension SW, Lone Oaks was completed in 1850 as the private residence of Benjamin Deyerle overlooking Mudlick Creek. Today the home still stands, with the surrounding area now developed as single family home typical of those built during the 1970s-80s. Today the home remains as a private residence. The house is L-shaped with a single pediment Doric entrance portico, which has plain square pillars and fluted columns. It became a Virginia Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Main House</h2><br>
<p>"A two-story, L-shaped brick house with three bay facade, rigid symmetry, Parged antae and full Entablature, Lone Oak is well within the form and style of the other houses Benjamin Deyerle erected during his most prolific period, between 1848 and 1851. Today, Lone Oaks retains its original, well proportioned Doric Portico with Pediment supported by paired groups of outside pillars and inside columns."</p><br>
<p>Lone Oak is on a hill facing Mill Mountain and overlooking the Roanoke River, is a brick house of modern appearance. Its central block, with walls two feet thick, was built by the Tosh family, incorporting an earlier log house. It was known originally as Rock of Ages from the rock ledge on which it stands, and was probably the first block house in this part of the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Several 19th century outbuildings on the Lone Oaks property are interesting. They date from the construction of the main house or later. Many of the bricks used are rejects from the primary selection, and some are friable and partially deteriorated.</p><br>
<h3>Springhouse</h3><br>
<p>A two story Spring house and dwelling or office is built into the side of Mud Lick Creek where a spring keeps the basement cool. The limestone foundation and brick walls has an entrance to the dwelling area from the uphill side, and has a large fireplace and chimney.</p><br>
<h3>Slave Quarters</h3><br>
<p>The slave quarters, Barracoon, office and dwelling has two over two rooms, and is made from brick with 13" walls. All the rooms are heated by fireplaces. The south room on the first floor has a large fireplace and may have been used as an outdoor kitchen for the house.</p><br>
<h3>Smokehouse</h3><br>
<p>The Smokehouse is a two story, front gabled brick structure. Many of the bricks used in the construction are durable, but were probably rejected as being too imperfect to be used on the walls of the main house.</p><br>
<h3>Privy</h3><br>
<p>The Privy is a curious construction, for a long mis-identified as a brick kiln. Because it had a flue ventilated chimney, it was mistakenly viewed as a fireplace for heating the bricks. However, there is no fireplace at all, and was used only for ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The Rosendale Library, formerly the All Saints&#39; Chapel, is located on Main Street  in Rosendale, New York, United States. It was originally built as a Gothic Revival Episcopal church from locally mined Rosendale cement, a material which covers the stonework exterior walls.</p><br>
<p>After floods from nearby Rondout Creek damaged the building in the mid-1950s, the church abandoned it. It also survived a fire in the mid-1970s. A newly formed local library district was created to restore it for use as a library. In 1986 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The chapel is a one-story two-by-five-bay building with a rectangular chancel. Its walls are uncoursed cement rock rubble laid in Rosendale cement, with some embellishments and flourishes at windows and doors. A fire in the mid-1970s required the replacement of much of the original interior decoration, although the original wood ceiling is intact. All but two of the stained-glass windows had to be replaced as well. The building was designed to hold 150 people.</p><br>
<p>On the exterior, the most prominent feature is the steeply pitched gable decorated with a scroll-sawn triangular insert with a central quatrefoil and three surrounding trefoils. The slate roof tiled in a decorative pattern of scallops and flowers. A small entrance vestibule and vestry are located on opposite ends of the east wall. On the west is a hexagonal spire paneled in a simple Gothic motif down at the base and louvered at the top, and a four-by-two-bay, architecturally sympathetic wing added in the 1970s, not considered contributing due to its lack of age.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The opening of the Delaware and Hudson Canal in the late 1820s triggered rapid growth in Rosendale, as in other communities along its route. In 1874, St. Peters Episcopal Church in nearby Stone Ridge established St. Johns Mission to serve worshippers there, and within two years it had grown enough to warrant its own chapel. Two thousand dollars was raised, and the building was built in 1877. The name of the mission was changed to All Saints&#39;.</p><br>
<p>In 1893 the mission became a parish in its own right, sponsoring missions of its own in the smaller nearby communities of Bloomingdale and Rifton for periods of the early 20th century. In 1956, flooding in the wake of Hurricane Flossy did enough damage to the church that it had to be abandoned, and the parish was dissolved.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Snyder, a local descendant of the family that had first made a fortune from the cement, bought the building in 1957. He told the local womens club he would donate it for use as a library if they organized it. The clubs members formed the Rosendale Library Association, and after restorations and improvements the chapel reopened as the library in 1959.</p><br>
<p>A 1975 fire damaged the building somewhat, and the original interior finishings and all but two of the stained-glass windows had to be removed and replaced. As part of the repair work, a west wing that had been planned when the building was originally acquired was added.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, after the property was listed on the Register, the New York State Legislature passed legislation, signed by then-governor Mario Cuomo, permitting the creation of a special library district. Voters in Rosendale approved its creation in 1987 and it received its charter from the state Board of Regents two years later.</p><br>
<p>Work continues on the library building itself. In the 2000s the district obtained a $75,000 state grant to repair the slate roof, and it is currently raising the money required to match it.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The church&#39;s basic design, with its thick walls and lancet windows, is consistent with the English country churches that first used the Gothic Revival style. The arches and brick surrounds of the windows are also consistent with the vernacular styles of churches built by congregants of English descent in the Hudson Valley. Embedded shells in the exterior, and other touches, suggest the Venetian Gothic stylings written about and championed by John Ruskin.</p><br>
<p>The most unusual aspect of the building&#39;s architecture is the exterior finish. The rubblestone, normally left bare in such structures, was instead covered over with Rosendale cement, suggesting a desire to showcase a locally produced building material that had made many residents and congregants prosperous.</p><br>
<p>Springfield Plantation is an antebellum house located near Fayette in Jefferson County, Mississippi. It has been associated with many famous people throughout its history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the oldest mansions in Mississippi, the Springfield Mansion was built between 1786 and 1791. The original plantation had over 3,000 acre and was purchased by Thomas M. Green Jr., a wealthy Virginia planter, in 1784. Thomas had the house built to show off his wealth. The mansion was one of the first houses in America to have a full colonnade across the entire facade and is the first such mansion to be built in the Mississippi Valley. The whole house was built by his slaves out of clay from the land. The hinges, knobs, and all metal tools were built at the plantation&#39;s blacksmith building.</p><br>
<p>Possibly what makes the Springfield Plantation most famous is the wedding that took place at it in 1791. Thomas M. Green Sr., the owner&#39;s father, was one of the magistrates of the Mississippi Territory and as such, performed the marriage ceremony of Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson at the house in August 1791. This marriage would lead to one of the first romantic tragedies in America.</p><br>
<p>For two years, Green Jr. had to leave his loved plantation to go to Washington, D.C. when he became a Congressman from the Mississippi Territory. The plantation survived the Civil War and the Union occupation of Mississippi during the later half of the 1800s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>After numerous owners over the years, the house decayed for decades. Arthur Edward Cavalier de LaSalle, Arthur LaSalle as he liked to be called, was given a lifetime lease of the home by the owners to repair, live, and give tours of the mansion in the early 1970s. When asked about the mansion when he first arrived, he said, "It was occupied by the rats and pigeons nothing else." Springfield is still a working plantation. On August 11, 2008 LaSalle died at the Green Family Plantation. The tours have stopped, but the owners say they will be restarted.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>It is not known how many people are buried at the Green Family Cemetery at the Plantation. These are the names of those known.</p><br>
<p>Thomas M. Green Jr. (1758–1813)---Martha Kirland (1760–1805)</p><br>
<p>Martha Wills Green (1783–1808)</p><br>
<p>The Boyle River is a river in Ireland. It forms part of the Shannon River Basin. It flows from Lough Gara on the Sligo/Roscommon border and flows through the town of Boyle to Lough Key. From there is flows eastwards through the village of Knockvicar to the River Shannon at Lough Drumharlow, near Carrick-on-Shannon.</p><br>
<p>The length of the Boyle River (from its source in Mayo to the Shannon) is 64.4 km (40ml). The area of the Boyle river basin is 725 km</p><br>
<h2>Boyle River Basin</h2><br>
<p>The Upper Shannon catchment, above Carrick-on-Shannon (area: 1,301 km) has two distinct reaches: The River Shannon (basin area: 576 km) which rises in Cavan and the Boyle River (basin area: 725 km), with its source in Mayo which have their confluence at Lough Eidin/Drumharlow approximately 4.7 km upstream of Carrick-On-Shannon.</p><br>
<p>The Boyle River has its origins in the rivers Lung and Breedoge which flow into Lough Gara. The 29 km (18 mi) is fed by Urlaur Lough and Errit Lough on the Mayo/Roscommon border.</p><br>
<p>The river flow from the furthest reaches of the Boyle catchment to Limerick city has a measurement of 290 km (180ml). When added to the Shannon&#39;s 102.1 km (63.5ml) estuary this gives a total river flow of 392.1 km (243.5ml), which makes it the longest river within the River Shannon basin (from source to mouth), 31.6 km (19.5ml) longer than the Shannon Pot source.</p><br>
<p>Lake Niangua is a 360 acre hydroelectric lake in southern Camden County, Missouri, USA, on the Niangua River. The lake has a public access with a boat ramp and picnic area.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Tunnel Dam</h2><br>
<p>The site for the tunnel dam was chosen because a 500 ft long cave was found that extended ridge separating the upper and lower bents of the river. In 1911, the cave was then modified so the river flowed through it during dam construction. There is usually no water running between the dam and the lake&#39;s powerhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Hydroelectricity</h3><br>
<p>Hydroelectric engineers then placed a powerhouse at the upper end of the tunnel for hydroelectricity. In 1930, the powerhouse was moved to the lower end of the tunnel taking advantage of the 43 ft drop. The powerhouse has two turbines. The hydroelectric equipment provides 3 megawatts of power for nearby residents.</p><br>
<h2>Geography of the Lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake is only a few feet deep so larger boats are not able to access this lake. To the north there is a steep ridge that is only a few hundred feet wide, this ridge makes the river go an extra four miles (6 km) between the dam and the powerhouse. The shoreline is almost entirely wooded around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Snyder Estate Natural Cement Historic District is located in the Town of Rosendale, New York, United States. It is a 275 acre tract roughly bounded by Rondout Creek, Binnewater and Cottekill roads and Sawdust Avenue. NY 213 runs through the lower portion of the district, paralleling the dry bed of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, where the product that gives the district its name was first discovered.</p><br>
<p>Within the district&#39;s bounds are 122 contributing properties representing what remains of five plants that turned out Rosendale cement, and the homes and dependencies of the Snyder family, who originally owned the land. They range in age from the bed of the canal, where the cement was first discovered in 1825 during construction, to some of the last factories built before production was ended in 1970. Included are not just homes, barns and factories but mines, reservoirs and a rail siding. After an aborted attempt to secure National Historic Landmark District status in 1978, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is shaped like a letter "r", solidly bounded by the roads and creek on three of its sides, but with its eastern boundary mostly following old roads between Route 213, Binnewater and Sawdust. Physically, it is dominated by two large hills, foothills of the Shawangunk Ridge to the south, which rise to over 300 feet (91 m) in elevation, more than 200 ft above the creek&#39;s waters to the south.</p><br>
<p>Between them in a narrow valley sit the remains of one the largest cement plants in it. An old Wallkill Valley Railroad siding runs from there to the northeast corner near where it once joined the main line at today&#39;s Binnewater Historic District. Old mines and quarries are tunneled into the sides of both hills.</p><br>
<p>The property is mostly wooded save for the developed areas. Some of the areas along the road are old fields, today meadows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cement production began almost immediately after its discovery inside district bounds. The area began producing Portland cement at the end of the 19th century. Production slowed, however, as demand fell. One company remained in operation until 1970 due to the creativity of a Snyder descendant.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The Snyder family owned and farmed the property since 1755. In 1809, Christopher and Deborah Snyder commissioned for their newlywed son, Jacob Lowe Snyder, a house with an accompanying gristmill on the creek. Known today as the Century House, it is the oldest extant building in the district whose age is precisely known.</p><br>
<p>In 1825, Jacob ceded a portion of his land to John B. Jervis of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company so that a canal could be built across the property. As a condition of building the canal, Jacob required the company build him a slip so he could ship his produce to market, and a bridge to reach his mill. Crews excavating the area a short while later found large deposits of dolostone, an argillaceous mineral that, once pulverized and mixed, could be turned into natural cement without additives.</p><br>
<p>The company set up production facilities almost immediately, as similar cement was used to construct the Erie Canal. The presence of dolostone meant the canal could be built using this new cement and guaranteed another customer beside the anthracite coal miners the canal was built to serve. In 1830, Snyder leased the southeastern corner of his property to Watson Lawrence. Lawrence had already built a cement plant on adjacent land. Other mines and cement plants opened up in the 32 square miles area along the Rondout as well, creating a vibrant local industry.</p><br>
<p>Snyder reinvested much of the Lawrence Cement Companys profits in improving its technical quality. He courted buyers for large, high-profile government projects like New York Citys Croton Aqueduct and the Brooklyn Navy Yard docks. The popularity ultimately strained the company&#39;s finances to the point of failure; the company closed in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Lawrence retained control of the new Lawrenceville Cement Company, but was ousted after three years when William Beach took over. Beach expanded the production facilities, in time for the rise in demand that occurred as the Gilded Age saw a rapid increase in demand after the lull caused by the Civil War. Beach died in 1881; control soon passed to his son William N. Beach II.</p><br>
<p>The younger Beach took advantage of the recently constructed Wallkill Valley Railroad and its connections to the New York Central network as a way to get product to market, building a siding to the plant. In keeping with a general national trend, this began a shift away from the canal that had spawned the cement works, and within two decades the canal would carry its last loads.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>As the century ended, the natural-cement industry dominated the market. The Snyder family was proud that their cement had been used in the Brooklyn Bridge, an icon of the era. Beach built another new plant in the northeast corner of the property to handle demand. But the development of the cheaper Portland cement during that time period eventually toppled the Rosendale variety, whose market share dropped 90% in the first decade of the 20th century. Local industrial magnate Samuel Coykendall eventually tried to salvage the Rosendale industry through mergers, combining all the local companies save the ones on the Snyder property into one. The Consolidated Rosendale Cement Company was no more successful than any of its component companies had been, and was in receivership by 1918.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 an Ulster County court had forced the sale of the Snyder company from William Snyder to 21-year-old Andrew J. Snyder II after a disagreement over the sharing of profits. The younger Snyder dismantled one of the larger plants and built a smaller one in its place. He was able to continue production on a reduced scale through the 1920s, and later in that decade attracted the interest of an investor from Cleveland named Kling, who leased a portion of the property from Snyder and started the Interstate Cement Company.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression soon put an end to that venture, and by 1935 it had become the Century Cement Manufacturing Co., wholly owned by Snyder. He was able to keep the company going through the later 1930s when he allowed mushroom growers to set up shop in the abandoned Beach Mine. Eventually that would produce five tons (4.5 tonnes) per day before it stopped in 1960.</p><br>
<p>At the same time he also took advantage of a discovery that Portland cement could be made even more quickly and last longer when combined with natural cement in an 80-20 ratio. This blend was particularly suited to highways, then being built at a great pace everywhere due to the combination of New Deal public works projects and increasing automobile use. By the start of World War II production was again on the increase.</p><br>
<p>It fell during the war years, but rebounded afterwards to even higher levels as highway construction picked up again with the development of the Interstate Highway System. In 1954 Rosendale cement was used for the nearby sections of the New York State Thruway. However, it would be the last major public project in which it was used.</p><br>
<p>Snyder had been exploring the possibilities of making Portland cement as well. Geologists found that there were significant reserves in the Hudson Valley of the type of limestone needed, so in 1958 the company bought a plant from the Swiss company Van Roll. Three years later it was built next to the existing facilities and began turning out cement. Around the same time, chemists developed an additive to Portland cement which eliminated the need for the Rosendale mix, and cut costs even further.</p><br>
<p>Snyder and the company&#39;s technical team tried to keep up with the changes, but they were as old as he was and had trouble getting the formula right. The market for the natural cement the property still produced was almost negligible, and in 1970 Snyder finally halted production almost a century and a half after Rosendale cement had first been discovered on the bed of the long-abandoned canal. He himself died five years later</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Recognizing its historic importance not just to the region but the country as a whole, two staffers at the American Association for State and Local History prepared an application to have the district designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 that was never completed. It runs the property as a museum devoted to both the house and the American natural cement industry.</p><br>
<p>In the plants last years, one of the few markets it had left was the restoration of historic buildings that had originally used it or similar materials. The factorys closure left those builders without any source of authentic material. In 2004 Edison Coatings, Inc., of Plainville, Connecticut, trademarked the brand Rosendale Natural Cement Products and began offering an authentic, historically accurate replacement.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Several of the many contributing resources to the district are notable in their own right. None have yet been separately listed on the Register, save the sections of canal bed, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Century House Historical Society operates the site as a museum that is open to the public on Sunday afternoons in the summer season. The museum is also known as the "Century House Historical Society Museum" and the "Snyder Estate Museum".</p><br>
<h3>Century House</h3><br>
<p>Jacob Lowe Snyder&#39;s 1809 frame house, renovated in the 1940s, is the core of the CHHS property and the oldest building in the district.</p><br>
<p>The house features the Cement Industry Museum, with artifacts and photographs from the Rosendale cement industry. Rosendale Natural Cement was used in the building of many historic buildings and structures, including the Brooklyn Bridge, the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, the wings of the USA Capitol, the Washington Monument, Grand Central Terminal, the Croton Aqueduct, the Empire State Building (foundation) and dams and many other public works projects. There is also a display of horse-drawn carriages and sleighs.</p><br>
<h3>Andrew J. Snyder I House</h3><br>
<p>Known also as the Ceramic Brick House. Originally built in 1887 as a Second Empire-style mansion complete with mansard roof, in 1950 the windows and roof were converted to a more standard gable with dormers. It was also refaced in polychrome glazed brick imported from Leeds. This drastic exterior redesign did not cost the house its historic status as its original framing and interior layout remain intact.</p><br>
<h3>Canal infrastructure</h3><br>
<p>In addition to the canal bed, other aspects of the canal remain within the district. There is a waste weir next to it, and just west of Binnewater Road is a reservoir that was used to keep the canal full during dry stretches. The slip that the company built for Snyder is also intact, and is possibly the only remaining slip from the original construction along the entire length of the former canal.</p><br>
<h3>Widow Jane Mine</h3><br>
<p>Widow Jane Mine, a drift mine into one of the hillsides, is the oldest cement mine on the property. It was constructed using the room and pillar technique, where pillars of dolostone have been left to support the overlying rock. The largest of the mines, it has been likened to an underground pillared room. It is currently mostly flooded with groundwater, but that has not stopped musicians from recording in it to take advantage of the acoustics.</p><br>
<p>Redonda Mesa is a mesa type formation located in the southern Santa Ana Mountains, near the Pacific Ocean in Southern California. It is located in an unincorporated area of southwestern Riverside County.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Redonda Mesa is 2,825 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Redonda Mesa lies near the Riverside-San Diego County Line, several miles northeast of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and 11 mi west of Temecula.</p><br>
<p>The views from atop the mesa on clear days can include:</p><br>
<p>to the south, Oceanside, Fallbrook, De Luz and Bonsall.</p><br>
<p>To the north, one can see more of the interior Santa Ana Mountains.</p><br>
<p>To the east, the Temecula Valley is below, as well as Anza and the San Jacinto Mountains further east.</p><br>
<p>to the west, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton with some of the last major undeveloped coastal land in Southern California, the Pacific Ocean, as well as Santa Catalina Island on very clear days, and one can see parts of coastal city San Clemente northwest in lower Orange County.</p><br>
<p>This mesa&#39;s natural areas are vegetated with flora of the Coastal sage scrub plant community, an increasingly endangered one in Southern California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1960s the top of Redonda Mesa (along with several parcels in the valley below) were purchased from the Rancho California Land Company by Edward E. Sharp of Newport Beach, California, a leading real estate broker in the region.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, prior to the development of fiber optic transmission capabilities, the mesa&#39;s unrestricted views from San Diego County to Orange County made it the ideal location for a microwave relay station which was the backbone of telephone communications in the era. AT&T purchased 20 acre on the top of Redonda Mesa from the Sharp Family Trust and in about 1981. The company built a 100 ft high tower with numerous white "cones" pointed toward transmission and receiving stations in the Oceanside and San Clemente areas. The tower served the region for about a decade and then fell into disuse as new technologies took over.</p><br>
<p>Looking to divest itself of the surplus property, AT&T sold Redonda Mesa back to the Sharp Family Trust in 2002. The trust then sold it to Herb Massinger, who intended to remodel the site&#39;s unique microwave relay tower into a residence.</p><br>
<p>The Crest is a historic house on Eatons Neck in Suffolk County, New York. Although on the land mass of Eatons Neck, the house today is within the jurisdiction of the Incorporated Village of Asharoken. According to the National Register of Historic Places, on which the house is listed, it has also been known as Hasbrouk-DeLamater House and as Robinson House. Another name for the house is Walnut Crest.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1902 for Oakley Ramshon DeLamater who presented the house as a gift to his wife, Elizabeth Hasbrouk DeLamater. Oakley R. DeLamater was the grandson of Cornelius H. DeLamater, who owned the DeLamater Iron Works located where 13th Street meets the Hudson River in New York City. The ironworks is where the turret and machinery was built for the ironclad USS Monitor during the Civil War. The estate, originally named "Walnut Crest" was built on a high crest of land overlooking Walnut Neck. Walnut Neck is a peninsula on the south side of Eatons Neck.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Harry E. Donnell, who was married to another grandchild of Cornelius H. DeLamater.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Owego Central Historic District is a historic district in Owego in Tioga County, New York. It encompasses 83 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 1 contributing structure. The district is primarily commercial, with some notable civic and institutional buildings. Notable buildings include the former Owego Academy , County Clerk&#39;s Office, Owego Village Firehouse , Owego National Bank , Presbyterian Church, and the Greek Revival and Italianate style Riverow commercial complex.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and its boundaries were increased in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The district includes Tioga County Courthouse and USA Post Office (Owego, New York), which are separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Ballana was a cemetery in Lower Nubia. It was excavated by Walter Bryan Emery along with nearby Qustul between 1928 and 1931 as a rescue project before a second rising of the Aswan Low Dam. A total of 122 tombs were found under huge artificial mounds. They date to the time after the collapse of the Meroitic state but before the founding of the Christian Nubian kingdoms, around AD 350 to 600. They usually featured one or several underground chambers, with one main burial chamber. Some tombs were found unlooted, but even the robbed burials still proved to contain many burial goods.</p><br>
<p>The objects found are chiefly of Nubian origin, but there were also many objects imported from Byzantine Egypt and the Mediterranean in general. Most remarkable is a set of crowns from different tombs showing that the richest burials belong to local ruling kings and queens. There were horses and servants buried with their masters. There are few written objects in the burials. The identification of the tomb owners is, therefore, impossible. It has been assumed that these are the burials of the kings and the court of Nobatia.</p><br>
<p>One important tomb discovered here was tomb 118 which consisted of three chambers. It might be described as an example of a royal burial at Ballana and consisted of a main burial chamber and two storage rooms. The roof of the burial chamber had collapsed and the tomb, therefore, escaped looting. The body of the person buried here was found on a bier. It was most likely that of a king. Upon his head was found a crown. Under the bier, were the remains of a large wooden gaming board, weapons and an iron folding chair. There were also skeletons of a young male servant and a cow. In the two storerooms, more skeletons of servants, as well as pottery and several bronze lamps were discovered.</p><br>
<p>The Ballana tombs belong to a culture complex often called X-Group. Following the find of these tombs, this culture is most often called Ballana Culture. The original Ballana cemetery is now flooded by the Nasser Lake.</p><br>
<p>Kelling Hall is a Grade II* listed building situated in the civil parish of Kelling in the English county of Norfolk. It is 0.7 miles from the parish of Holt and overlooks the North Norfolk coastline at a height of 171 feet above sea level. The grounds consist of 1,600 acres and originally came with seven cottages, 11 holiday properties and 10 homes in the village of Holt. It was built in 1913 for Henri Deterding, who was one of the founders of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company. It is noted as being the first design by the architect Sir Edward Maufe who designed it in the Arts and Craft style with a butterfly plan. The hall has a shooting lodge, tennis courts and an outdoor swimming pool. It has five main reception rooms and thirteen bedrooms. The hall was privately owned by James Deterding, the grandson of Henri, until September 2008 when it was sold for £25,000,000 to the recycling tycoon Gary Widdowson, who now resides there with his family. The seven cottages, 11 holiday properties and 10 homes in Holt that originally came with Kelling Hall, now belong to Kelling Estates, who operate a luxury holiday business.</p><br>
<p>Worsley Old Hall is a former house, now a public house and restaurant, off Walkden Road , Worsley, Greater Manchester, England. Historically situated within Lancashire, it is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. In this building the Bridgewater Canal was planned and its construction supervised.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present building on the site dates from the 16th or early 17th century. It was originally a timber-framed building which has been rebuilt in brick. It is thought that it originally consisted of a hall range on the south side, with wings extending to the north on the east and west sides. The house was remodelled in the 18th century with the addition of a range immediately to the north of the hall range. It was substantially extended in or around 1855 when an extension was added to the east wing. Further work was carried out in 1891; in 1905 the space between the wings was filled in with a billiard room with a table supplied by Orme and Sons. In 1906 a small wing was added on the northwest side. During the 20th century there were further internal alterations, particularly in the 1990s when it was converted into a restaurant. The hall is of particular historical importance because it was here that Francis Egerton, the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater, James Brindley and John Gilbert planned the Bridgewater Canal and supervised its building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is in brick, most of which is rendered. The roofs are of stone and slate. Some of the 19th-century extensions are timber-framed.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>As of 2011 the building was a public house and restaurant in the Brewers Fayre chain. In August 2013 the building was sold has and been refurbished and re-opened in December 2013 as a food-led real ale pub operated by Brunning and Price.</p><br>
<p>Halekii-Pihana Heiau State Monument is a 10 acre park containing two important luakini heiau on a high ridge near the mouth of Iao Stream in Wailuku, Maui. Both Halekii and Pihana were associated with important Hawaiian chiefs, have been closely studied by archaeologists, and overlook the fertile Nā Wai Ehā  region irrigated by the Wailuku, Waikapu, Waihee and Waiehu streams. The heiau complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 25 November 1985.</p><br>
<p>Pihana (fullness or gathering) is also known as Piihana and Pihanakalani (gathering of the supernatural). It began as a small temple site between 1260 and 1400, was expanded between 1410 and 1640 to serve as a residence and luakini (war/sacrificial) temple for Kiihewa, who lived at the time of Kakae, the father of Kahekili I.</p><br>
<p>Halekii (image house or "Tiki House") was added along the crest of the hill at about this time, reputedly at the instigation of chief Kihapiilani. Both were greatly expanded into their present shape between 1662 and 1705, and Pihana was enhanced and reoriented to face the island of Hawaii during a period of interisland warfare between 1684 and 1778. In 1790, after the forces of Kamehameha I won the very deadly Battle of Kepaniwai, his son Liholiho rededicated Pihana.</p><br>
<p>Shawnigan Lake is a lake on southern Vancouver Island, located to the west of Saanich Inlet and to the south of the Cowichan Valley region. Its aboriginal name in the Hunquminum language is Shaaniius.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and soils</h2><br>
<p>Bedrock around the southern two-thirds of the lake is meta-igneous rock of Lower Paleozoic age which is rich in mafic minerals except along southeastern shores where felsic minerals dominate. Bands of marble up to several meters thick are scattered within this metamorphic complex. Around northern shores are volcanic rocks of variable composition from the Jurassic period.</p><br>
<p>Soils around the lake are mostly well drained or rapidly drained gravelly sandy loams or gravelly loamy sands with brown podzolic profile development. Some meet the definition of podzols under the current Canadian system of soil classification. A small area of peat lies near the southern end of the community of Shawnigan Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Fish in the lake include rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, kokanee salmon and smallmouth bass. Their populations are sufficient to support a recreational fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Memory Island Provincial Park, a small islet in the lake, was founded in memorial to two Lake residents lost during the Second World War. Also, a local park (Old Mill Park) contains the remains of a lumber mill that was built to support the fledgling village when it was founded nearly one hundred years ago. The mill burned in a fire several years after construction, and the old wooden supports from the mill are still visible in the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Elementeita Badlands, also known as the Otutu Forest or Ututu Forest, is a lava flow in Kenya that covers approximately 9,000 acre. The area was previously covered in thick dryland forest characterized by cedar trees, , and Leleshwa bushes . In addition, Wild Jasmine and Boophone are also found.</p><br>
<p>The land belongs to Njenga Karume, who bought it from Arthur Cole in 1980. Cole had bought it from Digby Tatham-Warter (famous for his role in the Battle of Arnhem) in 1968, as grazing land of low potential. The land is unsuitable for either small scale cultivation or cattle ranching as it is covered in thick bush growing from the profusion of lava boulders.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The land is punctuated by pyroclastic cones of Holocene age. The highest peak has an elevation of 2126 metres. It is located between Lake Elmenteita and Ol Doinyo Eburru volcano, on the southern boundary of the Soysambu Conservancy. Some of the prominent peaks include "Horseshoe Crater" and "Scout Hat Hill". There are some lava tube caves which show evidence of prehistoric occupation as grinding plates and stone bowls have been recovered by the local people in rudimentary excavation. These caves have been occupied by some of the refugees from the 2008 post-election violence in Kenya.</p><br>
<h2>People in the Elmenteita Badlands</h2><br>
<p>The area was heavily degraded from the 1980s onwards, being a hideout for disaffected and dienfranchised people who have resorted to charcoal burning, poaching and changaa brewing. A trading centre has been built at the northeastern corner known as "Soko Mjinga" (Fool&#39;s Market) which is the place to trade in these items.</p><br>
<p>The living conditions in the Otutu forest have led to an outbreak of leishmaniasis or Aleppo boil which is spread by sandflies and rock hyrax, which are numerous there. The only sources of water are from some small steam vents beside the old railway line along the eastern boundary of the forest (currently a road), which ran between Elmenteita and Gilgil before it was realigned in 1945. The Eburru station (now defunct) is on the edge of the Otutu and is notable for the steam condensers made from oil drums and corrugated iron sheets which the residents construct for their water source.</p><br>
<p>A luxury tourist lodge, called Mawe Mbili Lodge, is currently under construction on the western boundary of the forest, on the slopes of "Scout Hat Hill", so called because the shape resembles Baden Powell&#39;s hat. It is projected to open in March 2009. The water supply is from rainwater caught from plastic sheeting and from a deep and alkaline borehole which provides water at over 50 degrees Celsius and a pH of nearly 8.</p><br>
<p>The Tsibritsa  is a river in the western Danubian Plain of northern Bulgaria and a right tributary of the Danube. The river originates in the Shiroka Planina  area of the Fore-Balkan Mountains near the Serbian border and flows in a northeast direction diagonally through Montana Province. East of the village of Dolni Tsibar in Valchedram municipality, it flows into the Danube.</p><br>
<p>The Tsibritsa has a length of 87.5 kilometres and a drainage basin of 933.6 square kilometres. At Ignatovo near the Tsibritsa&#39;s mouth its average discharge is 2 cubic metres per second. The river&#39;s waters are used for irrigation. The low plateau between the Tsibritsa to the west and the Ogosta to the east is known as Zlatiya and is a fertile agricultural region.</p><br>
<p>In Ancient Roman times, the river was known as the Ciabrus and the region was inhabited by the Thracian tribe of the Triballi.</p><br>
<p>The North West Company Fur Post is a reconstructed fur trade post on the Snake River west of Pine City, Minnesota, United States of America. The post was established in the fall of 1804 by John Sayer, a partner in the North West Company, and built by his crew of voyageurs. The site operated for several years, although its exact period of operation is unknown. It was later destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of artifacts in the 1930s revealed the site. Excavation in the 1960s added to knowledge about it, enabling accurate reconstruction of the post. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is operated as a state historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North West Company was formed in Montreal in the mid-1780s from a partnership of British merchants. The company established a large post at Grand Portage and built several other forts to house wintering voyageurs. Besides the Snake River forts, they also established forts at Fond du Lac (now part of modern Duluth), Big Sandy Lake, and Leech Lake in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>A typical fort would include a dwelling for the clerk, a storehouse, and a bunkhouse for the ten to twenty voyageurs who spent the winter. During the winters, the voyageurs would collect the pelts of beaver, otter, muskrat, deer, bear, marten, and other animals whose hides were useful. Dakota and Ojibwe men would kill and skin the animals, while the women would prepare the hides by stretching and drying them. The hides were typically regarded as the women&#39;s property, so they would arrange the sales with the clerk of the trading post. In return, the clerks would supply the Indians with trade goods, such as firearms, blankets, and cooking utensils. The fur trade, which had been going on for more than 100 years further east, was mutually beneficial, since the Indians received the products of early industrialization. The furs were sold to Europeans who made felt hats and fur coats.</p><br>
<p>The site was rediscovered in 1931 by a local Pine City resident, who found artifacts such as musket flints in the soil. He returned to the site over the next three decades to explore it. In 1958, he found a book, Five Fur Traders in the North West, that contained the journal of John Sayer. The Pine City resident contacted the Minnesota Historical Society and explained what he had found. The Minnesota Historical Society performed some field testing in 1963 to determine the character of the site. In 1965 through 1967, a group of Hamline University students excavated the site and recovered hundreds of artifacts. The Minnesota Historical Society reconstructed the post in 1968 and 1969 and opened the site as a historic site in 1970. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The post has been reconstructed and furnished to represent the period from the winter of 1804–05. The museum is open in the summer, and costumed guides help interpret the site. The visitor center features exhibits about the post&#39;s history, a great room, fireplace and retail store.</p><br>
<p>Brown Mountain is a small cinder cone on top of a shield volcano located in Cascade Volcanic Arc in Klamath and Jackson counties, Oregon. Most of the mountain, including its peak, is in western Klamath County, but its western flanks trail off into eastern Jackson County. It is 7,311 ft above sea level, but is overshadowed by nearby 9,495 ft Mount McLoughlin.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Brown Mountain appears to be relatively young at first as its summit is unweathered and devoid of trees, however glacial valleys and a cirque near the summit prove that the mountain is actually twelve thousand to sixty thousand years old. Around two thousand years ago,</p><br>
<p>a large lava flow consisting primarily of basaltic andesite covered 13 square miles of the north and western slopes with Aa-type lava over 250 ft thick.</p><br>
<p>Over its lifetime, the mountain has erupted over 1.2 mi3 of lava.</p><br>
<h2>Access and trails</h2><br>
<p>Brown Mountain can be accessed via Oregon Route 140, which passes just north of the peak. It can also be accessed through the Pacific Crest Trail, and the 6.8 mi Brown Mountain Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The area at the base of the mountain is covered with old growth forests. The mountain is also home to animals such as Douglas squirrels and pikas. Toward the summit, the land is nearly devoid of vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The Aheloy River  or Achelous  is a river in eastern Bulgaria. It originates in the Aytos-Karnobat mountain, 1.5 kilometres from Dryankovets, and flows directly into the Black Sea south of the village of Aheloy. The Aheloy River has a length of 39.9 kilometres and has an irrigation reservoir, the Aheloy Reservoir, built along its flow. The river&#39;s drainage basin covers 141 square kilometres and its average discharge is 0.7 cubic metres per second.</p><br>
<p>The river is famous for being the site of the Battle of Achelous of 20 August 917 between Bulgarian ruler Simeon I and the Byzantines under Leo Phocas, one of the largest battles in the Middle Ages and one of the greatest military successes of the First Bulgarian Empire.</p><br>
<p>The Skat  is a river in the western Danubian Plain of northern Bulgaria and a right tributary of the Ogosta.</p><br>
<p>The Skat takes its source from the Rechka area near the Veslets mountain in Vratsa Province, part of the western Fore-Balkan Mountains, north of the Manyashki Vrah peak. It goes round the Borovan hill from the west and runs through a shallow gorge near Ohoden. From that point on, it has low banks and mostly flows through plain terrain with a number of meanders. The Skat is 510 metres wide, with a sand-covered bed. Its valley is asymmetrical, as the right bank is normally steeper than the left one. Before the construction of the atomic power station in Kozlodui the Skat flew into Danube directly. Then the Ogosta&#39;s course has been altered to free space for the atomic station separate canals and now the smaller Skat flows into the Ogosta at Saraevo, west of Oryahovo.</p><br>
<p>The Skat is 134 kilometres long and has a drainage basin of 1,074 square kilometres. Its main tributaries are the Barzina and the Greznitsa. The river is used for irrigation and one reservoir has been built along it, the Ohoden Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow at 241 West Lake Front Drive, Beverly Shores, Indiana, was originally part of Chicago&#39;s 1933-34 Century of Progress Exposition. Designed as the house of the future, this house included its own airplane hangar. Glass walls offered views from every angle and so taxed the experimental air conditioning system that the cooling system failed.</p><br>
<h2>1933 Century of Progress Exposition</h2><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow was built for the Century of Progress 1933 Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition in Chicago, Illinois. Architect George Fred Kecks design reflected European modernism. The design conveyed the ideals of the fair and its emphasis on science and technology. Keck said he discovered solar heating when he found workers inside the house wearing only shirtsleeves on a frigid winter day.</p><br>
<h2>Bartlett Development</h2><br>
<p>After the close of the Century of Progress, the structure was sold to Robert Bartlett for $2,500. Bartlett was developing a residential subdivision in Beverly Shores, Indiana. The house was placed on a barge and moved across Lake Michigan to Indiana. In April 1938, Bartlett sold the house to become a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Keck&#39;s inspiration for the house came from an 1854 octagon house in his hometown of Watertown, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration efforts</h2><br>
<p>Restoration efforts on the House of Tomorrow House were started in 1997, with the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Landmarks searching for potential lessees to restore the building. As of 2011, the Park Service is once again looking for a long-term renter to complete the restoration of the property. The previous renter vacated the property after the restoration cost estimates exceeded previous budgeted amounts. The current restoration cost is estimated at $2 million. The restoration professionals were identified in March 2017.</p><br>
<p>The House of Tomorrow was named a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in October 2016.</p><br>
<p>Historic Hicks Field is a historic baseball stadium and national historic district located in Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina. The stadium is home to the John A. Holmes High School Aces as well as the Edenton Steamers of the Coastal Plain League.</p><br>
<p>Hicks Field was built in 1939 as a Works Progress Administration project in 1939 at the corner of East Freemason and Woodward, adjacent to John A. Holmes High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The main structure is a wood grandstand with a roof that was built to accommodate slightly more than 500 people. The main grandstand is the oldest remaining wooden grandstand of its type in the state of North Carolina. Over the years, Hicks Field has been home to many minor league and semipro baseball teams, including the Edenton Colonials of the Virginia League in 1951, the original Coastal Plain League in 1952 and the semipro Albemarle League. Beginning in the 1930s, the Albemarle League was well known for high-level baseball as both top local players and college stars from around the region suited up for teams also representing Elizabeth City, Hertford, Colerain, Windsor and Williamston.</p><br>
<p>Hicks Field was also the longtime spring training site for a number of minor league teams during the 1940s, including Binghamton, New York, and Reading, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Players such as Bob Feller and other major league all-stars have stepped foot inside this historic stadium. In 1946 Hicks Field played host to arguably one of the best games of that era as an Albemarle League all-star team faced off against a major league all star team composed of players from the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Washington Senators and Chicago White Sox. The Albemarle team was defeated but for the 4,500 in attendance they were treated to some of the best players in all of baseball.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 Hicks Field underwent extensive renovations including a complete remodeling of the main grandstand behind home plate and the addition of two new grandstands; one down the first baseline and one down the third baseline as well. New bathrooms were built. as well as a manual wooden scoreboard that was placed in right field as well as double decking the outfield fence in left field to give Hicks a "Fenway Park" feel. After all of the renovations were complete Hicks Field grew in capacity to seat 1,200 people and gives off a nostalgic feeling that can rival any major league baseball stadium.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 the Edenton Steamers were formed in the new Coastal Plain League summer collegiate baseball league. Hicks Field continues to host the Steamers, Edenton-Holmes high school baseball, American Legion Post 40 contests, and various tournaments in the summer. In 2004 Baseball America (regarded as the definitive baseball publication in the sport) rated Historic Hicks Field the #2 summer collegiate venue in the country.</p><br>
<p>The Camera Obscura is a large-scale camera obscura, in the Lands End area of the Outer Richmond District in western San Francisco, California.</p><br>
<p>It is located near the Cliff House restaurant, perched on the headlands on the cliffs just north of Ocean Beach. The Camera and restaurant are currently owned by the National Park Service and are within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The Camera Obscura was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 and is within the NPS Sutro Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cameras obscura, devices which project an image of the surroundings onto a surface using only existing exterior light sources, usually sunlight, have a long history in San Francisco. The first recorded reference to one in the city is from the 1860s in an attraction called Woodward&#39;s Gardens. A previous incarnation of the Cliff House was noted to have had a camera obscura on its fourth floor in 1896. This camera obscura was destroyed when the restaurant burned down in 1907.</p><br>
<p>When the third Cliff House reopened in 1937, the owner was approached by businessman Floyd Jennings with the idea of adding a camera obscura to the cliffs beside the restaurant. It was installed on the site in 1946 and has been in continuous operation since then.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>The San Francisco Camera Obscura projects an image onto a horizontal viewing table via a reflected image from a viewpoint at the top of the building. A metal hood in the cupola at the top of the building slowly rotates, making a full revolution in about six minutes, allowing for a 360° view around the building.</p><br>
<p>Light enters the building via an angled mirror in the metal hood. It then passed through a lens with a 150 in. (381 cm) focal length and is projected onto a parabolic white "table" in a black room. The origin of the lens is uncertain but it appears to have been part of a telescope, likely manufactured by the Clark Lens Company of Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Camera Obscura was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 for its engineering significance. While the exterior of the building was extensively modified in 1957 to appear as a giant camera, the internal workings of the camera obscura, the basis of its placement on the Register, have remained unchanged since its erection in 1946. The 1957 external architecture was due to be evaluated for historical significance upon reaching fifty years of age in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Shaduppum  is an archaeological site in Baghdad Governorate . Nowadays, it lies within the borders of modern Baghdad.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>The site was excavated by Iraqi archaeologist Taha Baqir of the Department of Antiquities and Heritage from 1945 to 1963, discovering about 2000 tablets. In 1997 and 1998, the site was worked by a team from Baghdad University and the German Archaeological Institute led by Peter Miglus and Laith Hussein. Many other illegally excavated tablets have found their way into various institutions.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>Not much is known outside the Old Babylonian times, though clearly the location was occupied from at least the Akkadian period through the Old Babylonian period, when it was part of the kingdom of Eshnunna in the Diyala River area. It was an administrative center for the kingdom and its name means "the treasury."</p><br>
<p>The site featured a large trapezoidal wall and a temple to the goddess Nisaba and the god Khani. Among the tablets from Tell Harmal are two of the epic of Gilgamesh and two with parts of the Laws of Eshnunna as well as some important mathematical tablets.</p><br>
<p>Mount Foster is a peak rising to 2,105 m in the Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is the highest point of the South Shetland Islands archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Mount Foster has triple peaks of which Mount Foster proper is the southernmost, the central one is Evlogi Peak (2090 m), and the northern one is Antim Peak (2070 m). The first ascent was made by Greg Landreth and team on 29 January 1996.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after Captain Henry Foster, commander of HMS Chanticleer who explored the South Shetlands in 1829.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mount Foster is linked by Zavet Saddle to Slaveykov Peak to the southwest and surmounts Bistra Glacier to the west, Chuprene Glacier to the north-northwest, Rupite Glacier to the east, Landreth Glacier to the southeast and Dragoman Glacier to the south-southeast. The peak is located 5.45 km northeast of Riggs Peak, 2.78 km south-southeast of Garmen Point, 7.64 km southwest of Mount Pisgah and 3.86 km north-northwest of Ivan Asen Point (Bulgarian mapping in 2009).</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Kings Crossing Site is an archaeological site that is a type site for the Kings Crossing Phase  of the Lower Yazoo Basin Coles Creek chronology.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located four miles north of the center of Vicksburg, between Chickasaw Bayou and the Illinois Central railroad tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Site importance</h2><br>
<p>Clarence B. Moore, who visited the site in 1908, described Mound A as being 25 ft tall, although by the 1950s it had been significantly reduced in height. Mound B has been almost completely leveled, although a small rise can be discerned. Mound C is roughly 12 ft tall. Mounds A and C are both roughly 120 ft sq. Pottery sampling in the 1950s from Mound A gave the site a historical importance out of all proportion to its size. Test pits from a 1949 excavation of the Holly Bluff Site produced an important glimpse of a late "transitional" Coles Creek to Plaquemine assemblage featuring thin tapered rims of polished plain ware and carefully executed varieties of Coles Creek incised and associated types. Although intriguing as pottery, it was not sufficiently integrated strategraphically to postulate a distinct phase. Site sampling from the Kings Crossing Site in 1954 supplied the integration and gave the phase a name. Since then, especially in the Tensas Basin, it has become one of the firmest and most easily identifiable ceramic complexes in the Lower Mississippi area.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 the Kings Crossing Site was portrayed on the Vicksburg Floodwall Mural project to represent the American Indian heritage of the region.</p><br>
<p>Lock 18 of the Enlarged Erie Canal is located off North Mohawk Street in Cohoes, New York, United States. It is made of stone blocks 3 by 2 by 1.5 feet  in size, roughly 150 ft in length, laid in a random ashlar pattern. The lock&#39;s wooden gates are no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>The lock was built as part of an 1837-1842 plan to make the canal bed larger, heading off competition from railroads, and allowing a detour around the section of canal between Albany and Schenectady to the south, which had fewer locks and was difficult to navigate. Holmes Hutchinson, a canal engineer who later became chief of that department and a director of several railroads, surveyed the route and drew up the plans for all locks in the mid-1830s.</p><br>
<p>Ten of the locks from the Enlarged Erie Canal remain within Cohoes. Lock 18 was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places, added in 1970 in recognition of the high quality of its remaining stonework; the remainder of the locks on city-owned land were added to the National Register in 2004 as a non-contiguous historic district. A city-owned trail along the former towpath allows visitors to see them. There is also a small parking lot along the street northeast of the lock with an interpretive sign.</p><br>
<p>Bull Run Lake is a reservoir, an impoundment of the Bull Run River in the USA state of Oregon. Providing part of the primary drinking water supply for Portland, Oregon, it rates highly as an oligotrophic lake, a very clean source of water.</p><br>
<p>The lake basin receives more than 110 in of rain annually due to its location in the Cascade Range, about 9 mi west of Mount Hood. Public access to the area has been controlled since June 17, 1892, with the creation of the Bull Run Reserve by President Benjamin Harrison. Water from the reservoir first flowed into the Portland water system on January 2, 1895. President Theodore Roosevelt restricted entry to all but government agents and water company employees and banned stock grazing on April 28, 1904.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 a new timber and rock fill dam raised the lake level about 10 ft. At least two series of efforts were made between 1917 and 1925 to decrease lake seepage. In 1961 additional areas of seepage were sealed with clay, and the outlet dam was remodeled to contain gates at elevations of 3,147 ft and 3,158 ft.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, concerns of outflow water temperature and its effect on fish populations led to regular careful measurements of the lake&#39;s thermocline characteristics and the inlet water temperature. Concrete pier blocks were installed to minimize the effect of water temperature shock on downstream aquatic life.</p><br>
<p>Okinoerabujima Yyerabu; Kunigami: いラーブ Iraabu is one of the Satsunan Islands, classed with the Amami archipelago between Kyūshū and Okinawa.</p><br>
<p>The island, 93.63 km² in area, has a population of approximately 15,000 persons. Administratively it is divided into the towns of Wadomari and China in Kagoshima Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of the Amami Guntō Quasi-National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Okinoerabujima is isolated from the other Amami islands, and is located in between Tokunoshima and Yoronjima, approximately 536 km south of the southern tip of Kyūshū and 60 km north of Okinawa.</p><br>
<p>The island is an elevated coralline island with a length of approximately 20 km and width of 7 km, with Mount Ōyama at 246 m above sea level at its highest peak. In the eastern part of the island is an extensive limestone cave system, one of the largest in Asia. The coast of the island is surrounded by a coral reef.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is uncertain when Okinoerabujima was first settled. It was ruled by the Aji nobility who built numerous gusuku fortifications from the 8th century onwards. From 1266 it was part of Hokuzan, and from 1422 the Ryukyu Kingdom. The island was invaded by samurai from Satsuma Domain during the 1609 Invasion of Ryukyu and its incorporation into the official holdings of Satsuma was recognized by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1624. Satsuma rule was harsh, with the inhabitants of the island reduced to serfdom and forced to raise sugar cane to meet high taxation, which often resulted in famine. The island was subordinate to Tokunoshima from 1616 to 1690, when an independent daikansho was established. Throughout the Satsuma period, the island was used as a prison settlement, especially for political offenders, including many members of the Ryukyuan royal family. Saigō Takamori was exiled to Okinoerabujima from 1862 to 1864.</p><br>
<p>After the Meiji Restoration the island was incorporated into Ōsumi Province and later became part of Kagoshima Prefecture. Following World War II, along with the other Amami Islands, it was occupied by the United States until 1953, at which time it reverted to the control of Japan. In September 1977, a massive typhoon (Typhoon Babe (1977)) devastated the island, which experienced winds in excess of 210 km/h for two hours as the typhoon passed by. Nearly two-thirds of the homes across the island were damaged or destroyed by the storm and 73 people were injured. Most of the injuries across the island were caused by collapsing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Okinoerabujima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is somewhat lower in winter. The island is subject to frequent typhoons.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Okinoerabujima is home to several rare species of reptiles and insects endemic to the island itself, or more generally to the Ryukyu Islands. The island is one of fewer locations where swimming with whales (humpback whales) is legally approved.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>With moderate rainfall and a warm climate, the island is suitable for agriculture. Main crops include sweet potatoes, sugar cane and floriculture. Brown sugar refining and the production of distilled shōchū liquor is the major industry. The island is not a major tourist destination, unlike many in the Amami archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The port of Wadomari, located in the town the same name has regular ferry services to Okinawa and Kagoshima and Kobe. The smaller port of China, in the town of China, has ferries to Kagoshima and other of the Amami islands.</p><br>
<p>Okinoerabu Airport, in Wadomari, is located on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of San Roque was part of the Argentine Civil War. It was fought on the Primero River, near the city of Córdoba, Argentina, on 22 April 1829. The Federalist forces of Córdoba Province governor Juan Bautista Bustos were defeated by the Unitarian forces of General José María Paz. As a result of his victory, Paz assumed the office of provincial Governor.</p><br>
<h2>Prelude</h2><br>
<p>General Bustos had governed Córdoba since the days of the Arequito Revolt, in 1820. His confrontation with Paz, who had fought with him in the revolt, had started a few months earlier: Paz thought Bustos had betrayed the rebel group, not carrying his army to the seat of the independence war in Upper Peru.</p><br>
<p>After a lacklustre career in Salta Province, Paz had made a name for himself in the war with Brazil, where he was promoted to the rank of general after the Battle of Ituzaingó. He then declared himself to be against the Buenos Aires governor Manuel Dorrego who had been forced to sign a peace treaty with the Empire of Brazil which granted the independence of Uruguay and its separation from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Paz supported the a revolution against Dorrego, organized and fought the forces of Juan Lavalle.</p><br>
<p>As Lavalle had not been able to vanquish the dissidents in his province, Paz gathered his troops in the interior of the country and marched north, with the excuse of returning his men to their provinces. Instead, he reached Córdobas provincial capital city, where he demanded Bustoss resignation, whose mandate had expired, and wanted to elect a new governor (the provincial constitution had term limits and prohibited a third mandate), while everybody at the time knew that Paz had in mind to be a candidate himself.</p><br>
<p>Paz attacked Córdoba with his powerful army, but Bustos escaped to a ranch at San Roque, in the foothills near the city. Bustos tried to negotiate an agreement by which neither would be the new governor. Paz disagreed, and broke relations, accusing Bustos of delaying tactics while awaiting reinforcements. Bustos had sent a message to Juan Facundo Quiroga, the caudillo and militia commander in La Rioja Province, asking for help.</p><br>
<h2>Battle development</h2><br>
<p>Before Bustos could receive reinforcements, Paz advanced towards San Roque. Bustos made a last effort, sending his son-in-law Arredondo to negotiate peace. Paz attacked without answering. It is possible, judging by the lack of movements or preparations on the part of Bustos, that Arredondo had not yet arrived with a response, so the federalist commander would have thought they were still within a period of truce. Paz&#39;s behavior the next year at the Battle of Oncativo supposes this was the case.</p><br>
<p>Bustos was not very experienced in battle, and the few he had won were from defensive positions. He therefore just waited for the unitarians, protecting his position with artillery. Paz simply divided his forces and commanded his lieutenants to just walk over anybody on their front. The order was followed in each of his groups, after a severe bombardment over the federalist positions by commander Arengreens artillery. The divisions commanded by Román Deheza, Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid and Juan Esteban Pedernera displaced the enemys forces before them with ease.</p><br>
<p>The federalist troops, on their side were severely affected by the unitarian bombardment, and after the capture of their artillery and heavy losses of their men, they simply ran. The unitarian cavalry slaughtered the running enemy causing miore than 100 dead in a few minutes. In a little more than a half-hour of combat, Bustos ordered a retreat of his remaining forces.</p><br>
<h2>Consequences</h2><br>
<p>Bustos was forced to leave, running for refuge within Quirogas troops, therefore abandoning his province. Only a month later, Bustos and Quiroga tried again for revenge: invaded the province of Córdoba, occupied most of the western hills and marched on the provincial capital. They confronted Paz at the Battle of La Tablada but ultimate victory was again on Pazs side.</p><br>
<p>Córdoba province remained under Paz&#39;s and unitarian control, joined with the federalists that had left Bustos plus the young class of city lawyers and merchants. He then set to make at least a tacit alliance with the unitarian governments of the provinces of Tucumán and Salta, and after the next battles he could formalize the Unitarian League (a.k.a. Liga del Interior)</p><br>
<p>San Roque was the first of four battles commanded by general Paz. He won all four decisively, distinguishing himself as the best Argentine general of the time.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of San Roques field is today under the waters of San Roque Lake, near todays city of Villa Carlos Paz.</p><br>
<p>The Ausable Club, in St. Huberts, New York, is the name of a club and the clubhouse of the Adirondack Mountain Reserve , which upon the initiative of William George Neilson, formed in 1887 to save the lands around Beedes Hotel from the lumber industry. The Reserve once owned most of the Adirondack High Peaks. The club is also the home of the Adirondack Trail Improvement Society, known as A.T.I.S, which developed and still maintains many of the trails to the high peaks. The clubhouse property, also known as St. Huberts Inn, Beede House, or Beede Heights Hotel, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Club members have included Harvard president James Conant, clergyman Henry Sloane Coffin, aeronautical engineer Jerome Hunsaker, painter Harold Weston, and US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who blazed a trail up nearby Noonmark Mountain that is still in use.</p><br>
<p>Certain Easement Trails on AMR/AC lands are open to the public, with restrictions, and provide access to many of the High peaks trails: Basin Mountain, Mount Skylight, Mount Marcy, Mount Haystack, Mount Colvin, Nippletop Mountain, Dial Mountain, Lower Wolfjaw Mountain, Upper Wolfjaw Mountain, Armstrong Mountain, Gothics, Sawteeth, Saddleback Mountain, Noonmark Mountain, Round Mountain, and Rainbow and Beaver Meadow Falls.</p><br>
<p>__toc__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present clubhouse sits on the 600 acre site of Beedes Hotel, built in 1876. Beedes was one of the first of the Adirondack hotels to cater to wealthy sportsmen eager to escape city life during the summer, a phenomenon that predated the Civil War, but that was greatly accelerated by advances in transportation offered by steam ships and railroads. Beede&#39;s was notorious for its austere accommodations, but no less famous for its setting near Upper and Lower Ausable Lakes and the Ausable River, and for its views of Giant and Noonmark Mountains, Sawteeth and Mount Colvin. Guides were available to lead parties up the rocky ravine of the Ausable to lean-to shelters on the lakes, and thence to the high peaks above.</p><br>
<p>When it became known that the woods around Beede&#39;s was going to be timbered by the lumber company which owned them, a prominent Philadelphia mining engineer and summer resident William G. Neilson, secured a two-month option on the property dated September 20, 1886. Neilson approached several friends to join in the purchase of 25,000 acre, including the two lakes and nearby mountains. By December 1, 1886, William Neilson, William Alderson, George Burnham, Charles Hinchman, J.W. Fuller, Richard Dale and Edward Howell successfully raised the down payment to secure a two-year warranty deed which was signed by Neilson and Alderson. By October 1887, twenty-nine stockholders had formed a corporation, the Adirondack Mountain Reserve. Although the Reserve prohibited hunting and camping, the land remained open to the public for hiking. The AMR added to its holdings, reaching a peak of 40,000 acre in 1910. However, in 1933 and again in 1978, land was sold to the state of New York as part of the Adirondack Park, so that present holdings amount to about 7,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, the owners of the Reserve formed the Keene Heights Hotel Company, with a plan to purchase Beedes Hotel, but the building burned to the ground in March. Philadelphia architectural firm Wilson Brothers & Company was hired to design St. Huberts Inn, and four months later the new hotel was opened in the present structure. However, by 1904, the venture proved unprofitable, and was closed. The following year, the AMR&#39;s owners formed the Ausable Club, and purchased the hotel property as a clubhouse.</p><br>
<h2>The clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The clubhouse is a -story clapboard building with sparing use of Queen Anne details, arranged in two long blocks joined at a 22.5 degree angle where a large 3-story octagonal porch provides sheltered access to the surrounding views. In addition, a porch runs the full length of the first floor. Protected by its status as a clubhouse, the building has suffered remarkably little change, inside or out, since it was built.</p><br>
<p>The Sidrón Cave  is a non-carboniferous limestone karst cave system located in the Piloña municipality of Asturias, northwestern Spain, where Paleolithic rock art and the fossils of more than a dozen Neanderthals were found. Declared a "Partial Natural Reserve" in 1995, the site also serves as a retreat for five species of bats and is the place of discovery of two species of Coleoptera .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The total length of this huge complex is approximately 3,700 m, which contains a central hall of 200 m length and the Neanderthal fossil site, called the Ossuary Gallery, which is 28 m long and 12 m wide.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, human remains were found accidentally in the cave. They were initially suspected to be from the Spanish Civil War because Republican fighters used to hide there; however, later analysis shows that the remains actually belong to Neanderthals.</p><br>
<h3>Galería del Osario</h3><br>
<p>The primary gallery of interest at Sidrón Cave is the Ossuary Gallery or Tunnel of Bones (Galería del Osario), where the remains of several Neanderthals were found. The Galería del Osario was excavated from 2000 to 2013. The Neanderthal remains were all recovered from a single layer, Stratum III.</p><br>
<p>The associated archaeological assemblage consists of 53 stone tools; nonhuman bones are very scarce. The only other species present of similar size is red deer. The remains of a few small mammals and gastropods were also found.</p><br>
<h2>Neanderthal finds</h2><br>
<p>Researchers recovered more than 2500 hominin fossil elements from the site. The minimum number of individuals from Sidrón Cave is 13. The age of these remains of three men, three adolescent boys, four women, and three infants has been estimated to about 49,000 years.</p><br>
<p>The fact that the bones are excellently preserved with very limited erosion and no large carnivore tooth marks and the unusual deposition of the bones, mixed into a jumble of gravel and mud, suggests that these Neanderthals did not die in this spot but an exterior location. A number of scenarios of how these "members of an extended family" might have ended up in a 6 m&sup2; room-sized space, dubbed the Tunnel of Bones included flooding, cave collapse, and disposal by cannibals. Projection exists that they were dropped into the cave in a single event via a collapse of nearby fissures above the site or, by influx of storm water.</p><br>
<h3>Samples</h3><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h3>Morphology</h3><br>
<p>Morphologically, the El Sidrón humans show a large number of Neanderthal lineage-derived features even though certain traits place the sample at the limits of Neanderthal variation. Integrating the El Sidrón human mandibles into the larger Neanderthal sample reveals a north–south geographic patterning. The cave is in the northern portion, southern Neanderthals show broader faces with increased lower facial heights.</p><br>
<h3>Ontogeny</h3><br>
<p>The relatively well-preserved specimen of a juvenile Neanderthal recovered from the Galería del Osario, El Sidrón J1, allowed researchers to study the ontogeny of Neanderthals. By analyzing its dentition, researchers estimate that El Sidrón J1 was between 7 and 8 years old at the time of death. Around 36% of the juvenile specimen&#39;s remains was recovered, including key cranial, dental and vertebral column elements. 138 fossil elements were recovered, including 30 dental elements and a complete mandible. Based on the robustness of the specimen, researchers guess that the specimen was likely male.</p><br>
<p>El Sidrón J1 exhibits many traits of delayed maturation. At the time of death,</p><br>
<p>El Sidrón J1s brain was likely not yet fully developed. El Sidrón J1s estimated cranial capacity is 1,330 cm3, which is around 87% of the average adult Neanderthal cranial capacity</p><br>
<p>(1,520 cm3). At a comparable age, typical modern human juveniles reach around 95% of the average adult human cranial capacity. Additionally, the juvenile specimen exhibits an unusual developmental feature; the neurocentral synchondrosis between his thoracic and C1 vertebrae had not yet fused; typically, this fusion occurs around 2 years earlier in modern humans.</p><br>
<p>Other paleoanthropologists like Marcia Ponce de León and Christoph Zollikofer have cautioned to interpret the brain size as sign of delayed maturation, because of the small case number and lack of statistical evidence and Tanya Smith noted that the assumption depends on the accuracy of the tooth&#39;s age</p><br>
<h3>Archaeogenetics</h3><br>
<p>Ancient Neanderthal mtDNA was partially sequenced in HVR region for three distinct Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave (441, 1253, and 1351c). Researchers also sequenced the partial nuclear genomes from several individuals from the cave. 1253 and 1351c have the same mutations at position A-911, G-977 in exon 7 of FOXP2 gene, known as the "language gene", as found in present-day humans.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, researchers successfully sequenced DNA from soil samples taken from Stratum III at El Sidrón. They were able to identify Neanderthal mtDNA sequences; the results suggested that the sequenced mtDNA belonged to more than one individual.</p><br>
<h4>Neanderthal Y chromosome</h4><br>
<p>The first sequencing of the Neanderthal Y chromosome was successfully completed from a specimen from Sidrón Cave.</p><br>
<h3>Diet</h3><br>
<p>Recent research investigating the Neanderthals remains recovered from El Sidrón have provided evidence that their diet would have consisted primarily of pine nuts, moss and mushrooms. This is contrasted by evidence from other European locations which point to a more carnivorous diet.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. L6007 is a single-span stone arch bridge on Skyline Parkway where it crosses Stewart Creek at the Smithville neighborhood in the southwestern part of the city of Duluth, Minnesota. The bridge is historically significant because of its picturesque design and setting within a city park. It is built of locally quarried dark green gabbro, which is abundant in the Duluth area. The single arch over a deep ravine is built on rubble abutments, springing about 7 ft above grade and rising 10 ft over a span of 30 ft. The rubble spandrel walls continue back in straight lines to form the retaining walls for the approaches. The bridge railings are topped with double sawtooth-shaped rows of gabbro. Overall, the bridge is about 29 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Marquette Branch Prison  is located in Marquette, Michigan on the south shore of Lake Superior. The prison, which opened in 1889, is a state facility that holds about 1,100 inmates in maximum and minimum-security housing. The inmate population consists of adult males, aged eighteen and older. The prison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as State House of Correction and Branch Prison on November 23, 1977.</p><br>
<p>MBP was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in order to maintain its original buildings. MBP has become one of the state&#39;s most outstanding tourist attractions because of the beautiful flower gardens and other landscaping around the prison grounds. MBP was a prison full of attempted escapes, bloodshed, and reconstruction during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The first outdoor game to feature an official NHL team was held on February 2, 1954. The Detroit Red Wings played an exhibition game on an outdoor ice surface, in 21 &deg;F degree weather, against inmates at Marquette Branch Prison. After the first period the Red Wings led in the game 18–0; the rest of the game the score was not kept.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>During the late 19th century the population in the Upper Peninsula quickly grew as did the number of criminal convictions. Lower Michigan prisons (Ionia and Jackson) were becoming overpopulated and the cost of moving prisoners from the Upper Peninsula to the Lower Peninsula prisons was becoming expensive. Talk of building a prison in the Upper Peninsula began. The Business Men’s Association of Marquette, Michigan argued that Marquette provided a “centrally located community with excellent transportation and water facilities as well as the natural resources required to build the prison.”</p><br>
<p>The Michigan legislature appropriated $150,000 to fund the proposed prison. The prison board of commissioners approved the site for the Marquette Branch Prison. A total of ten companies submitted bids for the prison. The lowest bid ($135,817.00) belonged to Wahlman and Grip of Ishpeming and they were given the contract. The first buildings included an administration building, east and west cell block wings connected by a rotunda, a dining hall, a hospital, and a power house. Construction began with the rotunda and west wing in July 1886 and all buildings were completed by June 22, 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The original 1889 complex included the Administration Building, Rotunda, Cell Block A, and Cell Block B. Cell Block A was demolished in 1971, but the other buildings still remain. These buildings, designed by William Scott and Company of Detroit, form an imposing Richardsonian Romanesque complex constructed of local sandstone, with a contrasting red sandstone used for the stringcourses, cornices, window surrounds, arches, and tower battlements.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building is a three-story structure measuring 112 feet by 56 feet, with a hipped roof. A central square tower which extends to a height of 88 feet, and contains a massive 10-foot wide Syrian entryway arch. The corners of the building contain octagonal bays topped by a pointed spire. Between the octagonal bays and the central tower are two wall dormers which project above the eave line. Round-arch windows are located on each story.</p><br>
<p>Behind the Administration Building, a corridor leads to the Rotunda, a semi-octagonal three-story structure topped with a cupola.</p><br>
<p>75 by 75 foot Rotunda. Two styles of arched windows are used on the rotunda. When it was constructed, the roof of the Rotunda was the largest and heaviest in the Upper Peninsula, and the original supporting timber and trusswork are still intact. Connected to the Rotunda is the one-story rectangular Cell Block B, which has arched windows along the sides and is five small cupolas used as air vents along the top.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the 1889 buildings, the prison complex includes a wing of 1923 cell blocks (blocks C, D, E, and F), a separate additive service building, a 1938 school, and a 1955 cell block extension. The 1971 Brooks Center Hospital adjoins the Rotunda, and stands where the original Cell Block A was located.</p><br>
<h2>1800s</h2><br>
<p>Governor Cyrus G. Luce appointed Orison C. Tompkins as the first warden. The selection angered many people in the Upper Peninsula because Tompkins was from the Lower Peninsula. Tompkins’ first action was to get inmate tradesman from the prison in Jackson, Michigan so they could start construction of additional buildings. The first three prisoners, William Durno, Horace Becker, and Gust Peterson, were transferred from the prison at Jackson on June 22, 1889.</p><br>
<p>Early prisoners provided an array of nationalities. Convict #4, Alphonse Hetu, was a French-Canadian; convict #5, Paddy Brennan, was from Ireland; and convict #6, Mattis Walli, was born in Finland and sentenced from New York. Women were also sentenced to MBP at this time and their work was in the kitchen, laundry room, hospital, and hosiery mill. In 1893, women were no longer sentenced to MBP but to the Detroit House of Corrections.</p><br>
<h2>1900s</h2><br>
<h3>Warden Catlin's murder</h3><br>
<p>In 1921 the sixth warden of MBP, Theodore Burr Catlin, was appointed. Soon after his appointment a grand jury began investigating the prison. The chief clerk was found guilty of embezzling prison funds. Then, September brought the escapes of three prisoners. First was Arthur “Gypsy Bob” Harper who escaped by hopping the fence. This was the first escape in seventeen years. Ten days later, two other convicts escaped over the same fence by using a ladder they had made from scrap lumber found in the prison yard that was being used during construction of additional cell blocks. All three convicts were caught and returned to MBP.</p><br>
<p>This was not the end of “Gypsy Bob’s” trouble-making. On December 11, 1921, along with two other convicts (Jasper Perry and Charles Roberts), Gypsy Bob attacked Warden Catlin, Deputy Fred Menhennett, the deputy’s son Arthur, and prison guard Charles Anderson in the prison movie theatre. The three convicts were armed with knives. They stabbed their four unsuspecting victims numerous times. The movie theatre was in total chaos, yet surprisingly, no other inmates got involved in the attacks. The main target of the three attackers was Warden Catlin who managed to close himself in a room until other prison guards were able to restore order and detain the three attackers. All four victims eventually died from complications caused by their knife wounds.</p><br>
<p>The attackers were flogged on three different occasions. On Monday December 12, 1921 Harper and Perry received 30 lashes each and Roberts received 25 lashes. Then Perry and Roberts each received 25 more lashes each on Tuesday and Wednesday. Harper was not flogged because he was acting insane (smashing his head on the floor) and eventually put in a straitjacket to avoid other personal harm. The punishment of flogging was approved by the governor in certain cases such as this. The murder case was eventually dismissed because the flogging had served as their punishment. They could not be legally punished again because that would be considered “double jeopardy” so the state of Michigan no longer had a case against Harper, Perry, and Roberts. The three remained at MBP to serve out their life sentences with no further punishment. After the death of Warden Catlin, a prisoner was quoted as saying, “Warden Catlin was a man of intense courage. He was fair and just to everyone and compromised on nothing. Punishment was meted out when deserved, and encouragement when appropriate. He was everything a prison warden should be.”</p><br>
<h3>Escape attempts</h3><br>
<p>In March 1922, five inmates attempted to escape through the roof of the west wing. They were successful, but were recaptured by prison officials soon after their escape. In May, “Slippery Jim” Cushway and two other inmates escaped while at work. The three escaped in a car that Leo Carney stole from a place near where he worked and picked up the other two on the way to Milwaukee. Cushway had escaped numerous times from prison. Many other escapes were successful in the 1920s. In April 1923, two fugitives, Steve Madaja and Russell Smith, escaped through the roof of the west wing and were never retrieved. On June 21, two inmates working at the prison lumber yard were found missing. George Bloochas and George Natchoff had escaped; Natchoff had stolen a.45 caliber automatic and about 40 rounds of ammunition. The hunt began for these two fugitives. Bloochas was captured first and he warned the police of the danger of Natchoff because of the weapon he possessed. During days of swamp battle, Natchoff shot many rounds, killing one deputy, Frank Curran, and injuring another. Eventually they killed Natchoff, who had a total of 14 bullet holes in his body. These escapes represent a few of many escapes that occurred during the 1920s at MBP. Also in the 1920s additional cell blocks were constructed as well as new boilers and a new dining hall that could seat around 500 inmates.</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Hornbogen's murder</h3><br>
<p>On August 27, 1931, three convicts (Andrew Germano, Charles Rosbury, Martin Duver) from Detroit opened fire in the hospital. The three first shot Doctor A.W. Hornbogen and then proceeded to the second level of an old factory and barricaded themselves. Exchange of fire continued for two hours. At one point a white flag was waived and a bottle with a note attached was thrown at the warden. The note read, “We have a bottle of explosives that will wreck this place, unless you give us a car and open the gates.” The warden responded with “Start shooting again, boys!” Tear bombs were eventually used and the three mobsters killed themselves as they realized that their capture was inevitable.</p><br>
<p>The mobsters’ motive seemed to be revenge on Dr. Hornbogen for the death of their friend, Fred Begeman, who had died of heart disease and kidney trouble under Dr. Hornbogen’s watch. The three intended to escape, but their plan failed and the fatality list consisted of Dr. Hornbogen, Frank Oligschlager (trustee shot trying to help the doctor), Andrew Germano (convict), Charles Rosbury (convict), Martin Duver (convict), Frank Hohfer (convict who was armed but never engaged in the shoot-out and killed himself after his other three confederates killed themselves). This attempted escape caught national headlines, including The New York Times.</p><br>
<h3>G. Mennen Williams prison incident</h3><br>
<p>On July 8, 1950, G. Mennen Williams, the Governor of Michigan, was attacked and briefly held hostage while visiting the prison, as part of an inmate escape plot.</p><br>
<h2>2000s</h2><br>
<p>There are six level-V housing units surrounded by a twenty foot stone wall and 10 feet of metal fencing. These units consist of single-prisoner cells and have a capacity of 546. The perimeter of the maximum security section is monitored by eight gun towers. Five of the eight towers have the capability to monitor activity inside the housing units.</p><br>
<p>There are four housing units for level-I inmates. This section consists of four dormitories, O Dorm, A Dorm, N Dorm, and P Dorm. “Both A and N Dorms have full-size gymnasiums and classrooms in them while O and P Dorms have large recreational dayrooms. All level-I housing units are double bunked. The capacity of the level-I housing units is 670.”</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Medical Center is an inpatient health care facility and outpatient clinic. There are more than 30 staff at the medical center, one doctor, two dentists, a dozen nurses, and several other support staff. There are two full service kitchens at MBP, a dairy farm, and a heating and power plant.</p><br>
<p>Programming at MBP currently consists of prisoner work assignments, psychological services, library services (MBP has one main law library and four other mini law libraries), a large volunteer program, religious, as well as recreation and educational programs. The programs provide inmates with opportunities to learn job skills, good habits, and good attitudes. The staff as MBP consists of 282 custody personnel and 145 other personnel.</p><br>
<p>Kom Peak  or Golyam Kom  is a peak in the western Balkan Mountains, located in western Bulgaria, not far from the Serbian border. The peak is 2,016 metres high and lies south of the town of Berkovitsa, of which it is a traditional symbol. Kom, along with the lower peaks Sreden Kom  and Malak Kom  to the east, form a west-east elevation with a round grassy ridge, a steep rocky northern slope and a slant grassy southern slope. Looking north, one can see Berkovitsa and the surrounding fields, as well as Montana and the Ogosta Reservoir some 30 kilometres away.</p><br>
<p>The peak inspired national writer Ivan Vazov to create the poem On Kom. In his honour, a bas-relief plaque bearing his image and excerpts from the poem has been installed on the peak. Kom also marks the start of the Bulgarian section of the European walking route E3, also known as the Kom–Emine path along the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains, as well as the eponymous off-road race.</p><br>
<p>There are several climbing routes to the summit, such as from the Kom chalet (two-hour climb), from the Petrohan Pass (taking 3 hours 30 minutes to reach the peak), from the villages of Komshtitsa and Gintsi (3 hours away).</p><br>
<p>The Nishava River, a major tributary of the South Morava, originates east of Kom Peak, as does the Visochitsa. Along with Midzhur, Kom is among the highest and best known peaks of the western Balkan Mountains. A Bulgarian brand of mineral water is branded after Kom. The peak is part of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria, together with the museum of ethnography in Berkovitsa. There are several ski pistes descending from the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Honours</h2><br>
<p>Kom Glacier on Fallières Coast, Antarctica is named after the peak.</p><br>
<p>Amsterdam Castle, also known as the Amsterdam Armory, was built in 1895 by Isaac G. Perry, and is a former National Guard Armory located in Amsterdam, NY. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Amsterdam Castle was decommissioned in 1994, and purchased by the Diana family from the State of New York in 1995. In 2005 the Phemister family purchased the building, and continued the extensive renovation, utilizing green building techniques and energy efficient heat zoning in addition to creating a new residence wing, a billiard room and three new bathrooms. The property is currently in use as a private residence, bed and breakfast and distribution facility. Of the 100 armories built in New York at the turn of the century, only several dozen are still in use as active armories, and Amsterdam Castle is the only armory converted into a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Amsterdam Castle is a total of 36,000 ft&sup2; and has 50 rooms, including a 10,000 ft&sup2; gymnasium, a rifle range, a fallout shelter and a tank garage. Originally constructed with 18" brick walls, the Phemister family&#39;s extensive renovations rebuilt the interior with separate environmentally friendly building materials including low-volatile organic compound paint and repurposed wood. In 2012, the Preservation League of NY awarded the Susan & Manfred Phemister their Excellence in Historic Preservation Award.</p><br>
<p>Mount Barrow  is a mountain in the northern region of Tasmania, Australia. With an elevation of 1,406 m above sea level, the mountain is located 22 km east-north-east of Launceston. The mountain habitat is a mixture of temperate old growth rainforest, subalpine and alpine landscapes.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>Mount Barrow is a Jurassic dolerite-capped plateau with widespread block fields and a sharp summit ridge at the north-eastern end. It is the closest alpine mountain to Launceston - the plateau extends to 3 km and reaches a maximum altitude of 1,406 m above sea level, making it the second highest peak in eastern Tasmania. The road to the summit is periodically closed in winter due to snow; near the summit this becomes a narrow gravel road leading to a parking area, with an old stone hut nearby. The snow line is located at around 1,100 m.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is in lands once occupied by Tasmanian Aborigines and lies at the border of country occupied by the Ben Lomond Nation, to the south; the Letteremairener Clan, in the Tamar Valley and the Pyemmairrenerpairrener clan, to the north-east.</p><br>
<h3>Nomenclature</h3><br>
<p>It is probable that the indigenous name for the mountain was pialermeliggener, transcribed by G.A. Robinson when he was searching the upper Pipers River area. pialermeliggener is sometimes used to describe nearby Mt Arthur, but examination of Robinson&#39;s travels and the translation of the aboriginal word (with the suffix meaning cliffs or scree near summit) accord with the exposed cliffs on most faces of Mt Barrow.</p><br>
<p>The feature is shown as Row Tor on some maps of the area in the early 1800s although, confusingly, this is most often used as the early toponym for nearby Mt Arthur.</p><br>
<p>The modern name is believed to have been for Sir John Barrow, a British Admiralty official. It is probable that Lieutenant-Governor Franklin named the mountain in Sir John Barrows honour; as the two were likely acquainted and the mountain first appears as such on maps during Franklins Governorship.</p><br>
<p>Confusing the issue further, Mt Barrow is named Ben Loder in John Glovers 1836 painting and the mountain is further mentioned in newspaper print several times as Mount Barron&#39; - and may have been known colloquially as such in the 19th Century.</p><br>
<h4>Cartography of the Mount Barrow region</h4><br>
<p>Versions of Flinders 1798 map, adapted in 1825, clearly show the Mt Barrow region depicted as Row Tor; however, maps of 1843 onwards clearly shows Mount Barrow marked in its present location and adds Row Tor as the foothills slightly west towards Launceston. Later maps of the north-east show Row Tor as occupying the present day location of Mt Arthur, its possible that originally Row Tor was the colloquial name for the broader north-east highlands region and the separate massifs of present-day Mount Arthur and Mount Barrow were delineated cartographically in the 1840s.</p><br>
<h3>History of the Mount Barrow area</h3><br>
<p>The mountain formed an imposing barrier to settlers for long into the 19th Century and the steep and rainforested country behind the mountain was visited infrequently. In the 1830s the country was explored by George Robinson and the botanist Robert William Lawrence, who both commented on the steep and difficult country.</p><br>
<p>The hinterland was subject to scientific exploration by Paul Strzelecki in 1846 and prospectors gradually opened up the rugged country in the north-east after that time.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1870s settlement had made inroads into the surrounding valleys and the forests began to be exploited for their wood, as well as clearing country for emerging settlements such as Nunamara, Patersonia and Diddleum Plains.</p><br>
<p>A state reserve on Mount Barrow occupies 459 hectare and is an important habitat for several threatened species. These include the Tasmanian Wedge-tailed Eagle, the spotted-tail quoll and Eastern quoll and the Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish. Marsupials regularly sighted on the mountain include wombats, pademelons, Bennett&#39;s wallabies and Forester kangaroos. The reserve also features a pleasant picnic ground with a nature trail beginning and ending there.</p><br>
<p>Numerous mountain streams are found across the escarpment and these can turn into substantial waterfalls after heavy snowfall.</p><br>
<p>Mount Barrow is the main television and FM radio transmission site for north east Tasmania. The broadcasting and telecommunication structures are subject to ice build up and have shields incorporated into their designs to prevent damage from falling ice. Due to the rugged terrain the programme reaches the sites via microwave links instead of the usual fibre optic cables. Electrical power reaches the facilities by an overhead line running up the eastern side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Hanover Square Historic District is a downtown business district in Horseheads, New York. Most of the buildings in the district were built between 1862 and 1882 in the Romanesque Revival style. The homogeneity of the district is owed to the fact that a fire levelled the town in 1862, allowing for redevelopment in this manner. The brick buildings, with their decorative corbelling, are remarkably intact.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There was a small village built around a large rock deposited by a glacier by the time General John Sullivan came to the area during the Sullivan Expedition. The Town of Horseheads grew from this small settlement around the rock, into a larger town. Later expansions away from the square produced the 1855 Extension Historic District.</p><br>
<p>South Loop Printing House District is a historic district in the downtown Chicago Loop area of Chicago, Illinois. The district is roughly bounded by Congress, Polk, State, Taylor, and Wells Streets and includes 28 contributing buildings. The district includes many of the printing buildings used by Chicago&#39;s printing industry, the largest in the midwest from the 1880s through the 1930s. Due to its proximity to Dearborn Station and its thin property blocks that allowed for tall and thin printing buildings, land in the district was attractive to large printing companies. The district includes a small number of large and detailed buildings and many more small, homogenous buildings used by less prominent printing firms.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is distinct from the Printing House Row District (also known as South Dearborn Street-Printing House Row Historic District), another district which includes significant buildings from Chicago&#39;s printing industry. Properties included in the district that are separately listed on the National Register include the Pontiac Building and the Manhattan Building.</p><br>
<p>The San Buenaventura Mission Aqueduct was a seven-mile long, stone and mortar aqueduct built in the late 18th and/or early 19th century to transport water from the Ventura River to the Mission San Buenaventura in Ventura, California.</p><br>
<p>Accounts vary greatly as to when the aqueduct was built. One account indicates it was built between 1780 and 1790 by the Chumash Indians under the direction of a Spanish priest trained in hydrology.</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct supplied water for the residents of Mission San Buenaventura and irrigation for the mission&#39;s pasture and agricultural lands. Water from the aqueduct helped the mission flourish.</p><br>
<p>Few vestiges of it remain today. Large sections were destroyed in a Great Flood of 1862, and settlers used stones from the old aqueduct to build homes. The combined effects of floods, land cultivation, neglect and land development reduced most of the aqueduct to rubble. The only significant section that remains is located at the mouth of Canyada canyon on land that was formerly known as Rancho Cañada Larga o Verde owned by the Canet family from 1873 until at least the 1960s. This remaining section is 100 feet long and ten feet high, and is believed to have "served as a siphon, drawing water uphill through conduits." The location is at 234 Canada Larga Road near the road&#39;s interchange with the Ojai Freeway.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s, the Ventura County Cultural Heritage Commission led a fight to preserve the remaining piece, declaring it a county landmark in 1972. The following year, county supervisors voted to purchase the site. In 1975, the aqueduct site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and in 1977 the aqueduct site was fenced off to protect it from vandalism. It was also recognized as a California Historical Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>A controversy arose in 1989 when a newly discovered three-foot section of the aqueduct was demolished during construction of a house. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board sought to prevent further demolition, and the owner built his home over the aqueduct, preserving a 20-foot-long section in his basement.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, preservationists have raised concerns about the failure of the county to take action to protect the remaining section of the aqueduct on Canada Larga Road. In 1998, the Los Angeles Times wrote that "the lone surviving significant chunk of what was once the seven-mile San Buenaventura Mission Aqueduct sits forlornly in a weed-filled corner of an orchard near a freeway offramp north of the city." Though the site is owned by the county, and the head of the county&#39;s Cultural Heritage Board called it "an engineering marvel" in sore need of preservation, the county has lacked funds, and the effects of El Nino rains continued the deterioration of the aqueduct.</p><br>
<p>Silliman Memorial Presbyterian Church was a historic Presbyterian church located at Cohoes in Albany County, New York. The complex was built in 1896–1897 and consisted of a church, a church house, and a manse. The Romanesque style church was a square structure constructed of brownstone and brick with an engaged tower at each corner. It featured various gables and turrets on the roof covered in slate. The church house was a -story, Richardsonian Romanesque–style building. The manse was a 2-story stone residence with a Tudor arch doorway. The complex was demolished in 1998.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and it remains listed on the National Register despite no longer being in existence.</p><br>
<p>Lake Beatrice  is a natural lake on the lower eastern side of Mount Sedgwick in the West Coast Range of Western Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>Being higher in altitude, is not visible from the level that Lake Burbury is at, but can be seen either from the air, or the higher slopes of the eastern part of Mount Lyell</p><br>
<p>It was a reference point for the never built Great Western Railway that was considered at the end of the nineteenth century</p><br>
<p>The name of the lake and adjacent ground is tied into exploration leases held in the area</p><br>
<p>The Lake Beatrice Conservation area starts in the location of Lake Beatrice and continues north to Lake Huntley and lake Rolleston, it is bordered on either side by the Tyndall Regional Reserve</p><br>
